Shoulder Muscle Activity and Function in Common Shoulder Rehabilitation Exercises
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Sports Med 2009; 39 (8): 663-685 0112-1642/09/0008-0663/$49.95/0
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Shoulder Muscle Activity and Function in Common Shoulder Rehabilitation Exercises Rafael F. Escamilla,1,2,3 Kyle Yamashiro,3 Lonnie Paulos1 and James R. Andrews1,4 1 2 3 4
Andrews-Paulos Research and Education Institute, Gulf Breeze, Florida, USA Department of Physical Therapy, California State University, Sacramento, California, USA Results Physical Therapy and Training Center, Sacramento, California, USA American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Contents Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Rotator Cuff Biomechanics and Function in Rehabilitation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Supraspinatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Infraspinatus and Teres Minor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Subscapularis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Deltoid Biomechanics and Function in Rehabilitation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Scapular Muscle Function in Rehabilitation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Serratus Anterior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Trapezius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Rhomboids and Levator Scapulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Abstract
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The rotator cuff performs multiple functions during shoulder exercises, including glenohumeral abduction, external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR). The rotator cuff also stabilizes the glenohumeral joint and controls humeral head translations. The infraspinatus and subscapularis have significant roles in scapular plane abduction (scaption), generating forces that are two to three times greater than supraspinatus force. However, the supraspinatus still remains a more effective shoulder abductor because of its more effective moment arm. Both the deltoids and rotator cuff provide significant abduction torque, with an estimated contribution up to 35–65% by the middle deltoid, 30% by the subscapularis, 25% by the supraspinatus, 10% by the infraspinatus and 2% by t
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