Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ) exposure order determines the toxicity in C6 rat glioma cells
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RESEARCH PAPER
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) exposure order determines the toxicity in C6 rat glioma cells Samuel Salazar-García & Jose Fernando García-Rodrigo & Gabriel A. Martínez-Castañón & Victor Manuel Ruiz-Rodríguez & Diana Patricia Portales-Pérez & Carmen Gonzalez
Received: 26 February 2020 / Accepted: 11 August 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) induced specific cell toxicity, and they are used as a tool for the study of several pathologies such as cancer. This work aimed to elucidate the toxic effect of < 10-nm silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) in different administration orders on C6 rat glioma cells, as a biological model of study. C6 rat glioma cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of AgNPs (10–100 μg/mL) in the presence or absence of ZnCl2 (10–50 μg/mL) for 24 h. AgNPs or ZnCl2 as separate treatments decreased C6 rat glioma cell viability by 21% and 13%, respectively, versus the control, using the MTT assay. The administration of AgNPs (50 μg/mL) in the presence of ZnCl2 (10–50 μg/mL) was performed under two conditions: as pretreatment and as concomitant administration; both of them showed a significant decrease in the S. Salazar-García : J. F. García-Rodrigo : D. P. Portales-Pérez : C. Gonzalez (*) Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava Núm. 6, Zona Universitaria, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] S. Salazar-García : J. F. García-Rodrigo : V. M. Ruiz-Rodríguez : D. P. Portales-Pérez : C. Gonzalez Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico G. A. Martínez-Castañón Facultad de Estomatologia, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
cell viability, around 30% and 90%, respectively. It was the concomitant treatment, which exerted the most significant effect on the viability decrease. We also observed that 24-h exposure to AgNPs increased cell populations (40%) in stages G0/G1 of the cell cycle, and decreased the number of cells (60%) in stages G2/M. However, in the concomitant treatment, as well as during induced cell death, the ZnCl2 pretreatment and concomitant treatment modified the cycle, increasing the S phase by 10%, suggesting that zinc (Zn) could be an essential regulator of the C6 rat glioma cell damage induced by AgNPs. This study will allow us to understand the mechanisms of cellular response to AgNPs, for the eventual study of these particles as a potential agent against cancer, such as glioblastoma multiforme. Keywords Silver nanoparticles . Zinc chloride . Glioblastoma multiforme . Environmental and health effects
Introduction Nanotechnology is defined as the use and application of nanomaterials (NMs), which in turn are defined as materials having one or more external dimensions with at least one of them in the range of 1 to 100 nm (Specification PA 2007). Silver nanop
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