Simon Stevin Science in the Netherlands around 1600
The works of Simon Stevin are most interesting for the history of science, because they have such a wide scope and reflect so clearly the development of scientific knowledge around 1600 in central Europe. The recent publi cation of his Principal Works, w
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The author, the late E.
SIMON STEVIN
Plate 1. Portrait of Simon Stevin by an unknown artist. Library of Leyden University.
SIMON STEVIN Science in the Netherlands around 1600 BY
E. J. DIJKSTERHUIS
MARTINUS NIJHOFF / THE HAGUE 1970
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-3209-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-010-3207-0
e-ISBN-13: 978-94-010-3207-0
© 1970 by Martinus NijhojJ, The Hague, Netherlands All rights reserved, including the right to translate or to reproduce this book or parts thereof in any form
CONTENTS
EDITORS' PREFACE INTRODUCTION
IX
1
1.
STEVINS' LIFE
4
II.
MATHEMATICS
14
Introduction Sixteenth-Century Mathematics Stevin's Mathematical Work
14 14 16
1. De Thiende 2. Tables of Interest 3. Arithmetic and Algebra 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Geometrical Numbers 3.3 Algebraic Numbers 3.4 Equations 3.5 The Quadratic Equation 3.6 The Cubic Equation 3.7 Negative Roots 3.8 The Equation of the Fourth Degree 3.9 The Rule "Algebra" 3.10 New Methods 3.11 The Translation of Diophantus's Algebra 3.12 The Practice of Arithmetic 3.13 The Doctrine of Ratios 3.14 Theory of Irrational Quantities 4. Geometry 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Geometrical Problems 4.3 Geometrical Instruments 4.4 Trigonometry 4.5 Construction of an Ellipse 4.6 Didactics
16 20 21 21 22 23 25 27 31 33 33 34 35 36 37 38 38 39 39 40 40 42 42 43
VI
CONTENTS
4.7 Semi-regular Polyhedra 4.8 Augmented Polyhedra 4.9 Perspective
III.
MECHANICS
1. Introduction 2. Aristotelean and Archimedean Mechanics 3. Stevin's Criticism of the Principle of Virtual Displacements 4. The Art of Weighing (De Weeghconst) 4.1 Definitions and Postulates. The Theory of the Lever 4.2 The Wreath of Spheres (Clootcrans) 4.3 Oblique Forces 4.4 Three Forces in Equilibrium 4.5 Centres of Gravity 5. The Practice of Weighing (Weeghdaet) 5.1 Resistances 5.2 An Experiment on Falling Bodies 5.3 Instruments and Machines 5.4 The Pressure of the Bridle (Toomprang)
IV.
HYDROSTATICS
1. Introduction 2. The Archimedean Principle 3. The Force Exerted on the Bottom 4, The Force Exerted on the Walls 5. The Problem of the Diver 6. On Floating Top-heaviness (Vlietende Topswaerheyt) 7. Summary
V.
AsTRONOMY
1. Introduction 2. The Heavenly Motions (Hemelloop) 3. Stevin's Method 4. The Plan of the Work 5. Copernican Astronomy 6. Theological Opposition 7. The Nova Zembla Phenomenon 8. The Tides
VI.
NAVIGATION
1. Introduction 2. The Sailings (Zeylstreken) 3. Great-circle Sailing 4. Loxodromic Sailing 5. The Haven-finding Art (Havenvinding) 5.1 Introduction
43 45 46 48 48 48 49 50 50 52 54 57 57 59 59 59 60 61 64 64
65 66 68 68 69 69 70 70 74 74 76 76 78 79 80 83 83 83 84 84 87 87
CONTENTS
5.2 The Memoir of Plancius 5.3 Stevin's Method of Haven-finding
VII.
TECHNOLOGY
1. Introduction
2. Mills 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Mechanism of a Water-miII 2.3 Theory of the MiII 2.4 Stevin on MiIIs (Van de Molens) 3. Sluices and Locks 3.1 Various Kinds of Sluices 3.2 The Swivel-gate Lock 4. Hydraulic Engineering 5. Geomorphology 6. The Sailing Chariot
VIII.
MILITARY SCIENCE
A. Fortification B. The Marking out of Arm
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