Simulation-based surgical training systems in laparoscopic surgery: a current review
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Simulation‑based surgical training systems in laparoscopic surgery: a current review Minsik Hong1 · Jerzy W. Rozenblit1,2 · Allan J. Hamilton2 Received: 23 August 2019 / Accepted: 8 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Simulation-based training has been widely used in medical education. More specifically, various systems for minimally invasive surgery training have been proposed in the past two decades. The aim of this article is to review and summarize the existing simulation-based training systems for laparoscopic surgery in terms of their technical realizations. Forty-three training systems were found and analyzed. These training systems generally consist of training tasks, a visualization interface, and an instrument interface. Three different approaches—physical, virtual, and augmented reality—to implement visualization interfaces are discussed first. Then, haptic feedback, performance evaluation, and guidance methods are summarized. Portable devices to enable at-home training and instrument tracking technologies to support visualization, evaluation, and guidance are also presented. Based on survey of the relevant literature, we propose several recommendations to design the next-generation training systems in laparoscopic surgery. Novel guidance and assessment schemes with augmented reality visualization are recommended to design an intelligent surgical training simulator. This intelligent simulator enhances the training procedure and ultimately improves the patient safety. Keywords Surgical training · Laparoscopy · Virtual reality · Augmented reality · Haptic guidance · Objective assessment
1 Introduction The top priority goal of health care should be patient safety. Preventing medical errors is one of the solutions to achieve this goal. Unfortunately, Makary and Daniel estimated that medical errors were the third crucial cause of death in the USA in 2016 (Makary and Daniel 2016). Simulation-based training can be one of the effective education methods not only to promote patient safety but also to prevent medical errors. Simulation training is widely used in various fields such as aviation, military, industry, and medicine. It has * Minsik Hong [email protected] Jerzy W. Rozenblit [email protected] Allan J. Hamilton [email protected] 1
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, 1230 E. Speedway Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
2
become common in medical education. According to (Ziv et al. 2000; Kunkler 2006), several benefits of medical simulation are commonly accepted: • minimize ethical issues, • improve educational experience, • provide learner-centered education and teacher-enabled
environment,
• provide patient risk-free environment, • enable users to learn and practice new techniques, • enable performance assessment.
In surgery, trainees should complete training curriculums and get a
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