Simulation Pragmatic Construction of Reality

This book examines the historical roots and evolution of simulation from an epistemological, institutional and technical perspective. Rich case studies go far beyond documentation of simulation’s capacity for application in many domains, they also explore

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Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook VOLUME XXV Managing Editor:

Peter Weingart, Universität Bielefeld, Germany Editorial Board:

Yaron Ezrahi, The Israel Democracy Institute, Jerusalem, Israel Ulrike Felt, Institut f ur ¨ Wissenschaftstheorie und Wissenschaftsforschung, Vienna, Austria Michael Hagner, Max-Planck-Institut f ur ¨ Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Berlin, Germany Stephen H. Hilgartner, Cornell University, Ithaca, U.S.A. Sheila Jasanoff, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. Sabine Maasen, Wissenschaftsforschung/Wissenschaftssoziologie, Basel, Switzerland Everett Mendelsohn, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. Helga Nowotny, ETH Z u¨ rich, Z u¨ rich, Switzerland Hans-Joerg Rheinberger, Max-Planck Institut f u¨ r Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Berlin, Germany Terry Shinn, GEMAS Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, Paris, France Richard D.Whitley, Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, United Kingdom Bj¨orn Wittrock, SCASSS, Uppsala, Sweden

The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

SIMULATION Pragmatic Construction of Reality

Edited by

JOHANNES LENHARD University of Bielefeld, Germany

GÜNTER KÜ PPERS University of Bielefeld, Germany

and

TERRY SHINN GEMAS Paris, France

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13

1-4020-5374-6 (HB) 978-1-4020-5374-0 (HB) 1-4020-5375-4 (e-book) 978-1-4020-5375-7 (e-book)

Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 2006 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Chapter 1:

COMPUTER SIMULATION: PRACTICE, EPISTEMOLOGY, AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS ....................................................................... 3 Günter Küppers, Johannes Lenhard, and Terry Shinn IMITATING MODELS

Chapter 2:

THE SHAPE OF MOLECULES TO COME ................................................ 25 Ann Johnson

Chapter 3:

FROM REPRESENTATION TO PRODUCTION: PARSERS AND PARSING IN LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY ........................ 41 Tarja Knuuttila

Chapter 4:

FOUNDATIONS FOR THE SIMULATION OF ECOSYSTEMS ...................... 57 Michael Hauhs and Holger Lange

Chapter 5:

MODELS, MODELS EVERYWHERE ...................................................... 79 Don Ihde LAYERS OF INTEGRATION

Chapter 6:

FROM HIERARCHICAL TO NETWORK-LIKE INTEGRATION: A REVOLUTION OF MODELING STYLE IN COMPUTER-SIMULATION ... 89 Günter Küppers and Johannes Lenhard

Chapter 7:

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANSWERING A ‘WHY’ QUESTION AND ANSWERING A ‘HOW MUCH’ QUESTION ................................... 107 Marcel Boumans

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