Size-Dependent Melting Behavior of Pb-17.5 At. Pct Sb-Free Biphasic Alloy Nanoparticles
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INTRODUCTION
IN the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology, nanoalloys have been one of the most focused areas of research worldwide for the last 2 decades, owing to their extraordinary physical, chemical, mechanical and electronic properties compared with their bulk counterparts as well as constituent metals.[1] They have been extensively explored for a variety of applications including electronics, catalysis, sensors, optical markers, structural components, magnetic data storage and biomedicine.[2–4] The novel and futuristic applications of the nanoalloys necessitate intelligent manipulation of their composition, shape and size during synthesis and subsequent processes to obtain the best combination of properties.[5–8] Therefore, understanding the fundamental properties of the nanoalloys is of tremendous importance to extend their application as a source of new materials for nanotechnology. However, it has been widely realized that the thermal stability of nanoalloys is the most critical issue in the applications, affected by size
M. MANOLATA DEVI, KHUSHUBO TIWARI, and KRISHANU BISWAS are with the Department of Material Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted October 8, 2018. M. Manolata Devi and Khushubo Tiwari contributed equally to the work.
and alloying at the nanoscale. The critical applications in catalysis, electronic and magnetic data storage require their stability against temperature fluctuation during use. Thus, it is important to understand the fundamental aspects controlling the thermal stability of nanoalloys, which can be investigated by studying their melting behavior. The melting behavior of nanoalloys can provide in-depth understanding of the thermal stability, alloying at the nanoscale and ability of these materials to sustain a nanocrystalline nature at high temperature. It is to be noted that nanoalloys can be either single or multiphase. In the last 2 decades, extensive research has been carried out on the melting behavior of single-phase nanoalloys.[9–11] Although some studies have reported on multiphase nanoalloys, most of these studies are focused on nanoparticles embedded in a matrix. These studies have categorically shown that the interface between the nanoparticle and matrix plays a significant role in the thermal stability and melting behavior of embedded nanoalloys.[12–16] Therefore, the effect of the matrix on the phase transformation behavior of the embedded system cannot be decoupled, which in turn limits the possibility to investigate the intrinsic melting behavior of the nanoalloys.[17] The aforementioned applications require understanding of the intrinsic thermal stability of the nanoalloys. Hence, to probe the size effect on the intrinsic behavior, the alloy nanoparticles should have free surfaces, i.e., the surfaces need not be confined by matrix. It is important to note here that some studies on free single-phase nanoalloys have been reported in the literature.[9,10,18] However, limited
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