Skill Inequality Among Social Groups in India: Regional Analysis in Uttar Pradesh
Even though the overall social group inequality in general education has reduced, yet inequality in technical education and vocational training has increased over the last decade in all regions in the state of Uttar Pradesh. There is evidence of increasin
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Abstract Even though the overall social group inequality in general education has reduced, yet inequality in technical education and vocational training has increased over the last decade in all regions in the state of Uttar Pradesh. There is evidence of increasing inequalities in skill attainment across various regions and among social groups in the state. This paper attempts to explore the regional imbalances of growth in formal and non-formal skill formation through technical and vocational education and training (TVET) along with general education and its distribution across social groups in India’s most populous state. Secondary data from the National Sample Survey Organization’s (NSSO) quinquennial surveys for 2004–05 and 2011–12 have been used to explore skill formation as a whole in the state and among various social groups across different regions to investigate the disparities in skill attainment. Thereafter, the authors have conducted a primary survey in four districts in two economic regions of the state that validates their findings. Atkinson and Thiel indices have been used to decompose the inequality in skill attainment, showing the share of within-group and between-group inequalities for all the four economic regions of the state using NSSO data.
1 Introduction Social inequalities among various groups have been deeply ingrained in India’s ageold caste system that has exacerbated various forms of discrimination in both the society and the labor market (Deshpande and Newman 2007; Jodhka and Newman 2007; Jodhka and Shah 2010; Thorat and Newman 2007). Discrimination has resulted in inequality in accessing resources like education, skill, health, jobs, and so on. Labor I. C. Awasthi (B) Institute for Human Development, Delhi, India e-mail: [email protected] P. K. Shrivastav Giri Institute of Development Studies (GIDS), Lucknow, India e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 N. K. Mishra (ed.), Development Challenges of India After Twenty Five Years of Economic Reforms, India Studies in Business and Economics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8265-3_15
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market disparities are evident in securing jobs even with the same level of education and skill sets primarily because of social discrimination and prejudices (Awasthi and Shrivastav 2017). There are evidences of growing inequalities and disparities across regions, sectors, gender, and social groups (Saxena and Kumar 2017). The studies also suggest that inequalities among social groups have increased in the post-reform period (Pal and Ghosh 2007; Prasad 2013). Further, some have reported that inequalities among the social groups have declined in terms of social indicators (Desai and Kulkarni 2008) but increased in respect of economic indicators (Basole 2014; Kapoor2013). The available research clearly demonstrates that poverty is directly correlated with the level of human capabilities and entitlements. Knowledge, skills, and competencies have become the basic premise
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