Skin Microbiome and its Interplay with the Environment
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Skin Microbiome and its Interplay with the Environment Chris Callewaert1,2 · Katia Ravard Helffer3 · Philippe Lebaron4
© The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Advances in sequencing, bioinformatics and analytics now allow the structure, function and interrelations of whole microbial communities to be studied in greater detail. Collaborative efforts and multidisciplinary studies, crossing the boundary between environmental and medical microbiology, have allowed specific environmental, animal and human microbiomes to be characterized. One of the main challenges for microbial ecology is to link the phylogenetic diversity of host-associated microbes to their functional roles within the community. Much remains to be learned on the way microbes colonize the skin of different living organisms and the way the skin microbiome reacts to the surrounding environment (air, water, etc.). In this review, we discuss examples of recent studies that have used modern technology to provide insights into microbial communities in water and on skin, such as those in natural resources (thermal spring water), large mammals (humpback whales) and humans (the skin microbiome). The results of these studies demonstrate how a greater understanding of the structure and functioning of microbiota, together with their interactions with the environment, may facilitate the discovery of new probiotics or postbiotics, provide indicators for the quality of the environment, and show how changes in lifestyle and living environment, such as urbanization, can impact on the skin microbiome and skin health and disease in humans. Key Points Multidisciplinary approaches and advances in sequencing, bioinformatics and analytics have allowed the diversity of whole microbial communities to be investigated. Studies of the microbiomes of natural resources, such as spring water, have the potential to uncover targets for the development of new probiotics or postbiotics. Analyses of the microbiomes of animals can provide vital information about the health status of the planet, whereas studies of the human microbiome can help determine the impact of living environments on human health and disease. * Philippe Lebaron philippe.lebaron@sorbonne‑universite.fr 1
Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
2
Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
3
Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique R&D Center, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31035 Toulouse Cedex 01, France
4
Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, Avenue Pierre Fabre, 66650 Banyuls‑sur‑Mer, France
1 Introduction on Microbial Communities and Their Study Microbes (bacteria, viruses and fungi) are everywhere: among plants, animals and humans, and also in the environment (in the soil, water and air). They are often considered as pathogenic as they can be responsible for infections that may lead to s
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