Salivary microbiome in patients undergoing hemodialysis and its associations with the duration of the dialysis
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Salivary microbiome in patients undergoing hemodialysis and its associations with the duration of the dialysis Xiaobo Duan1, Xiaolei Chen2, Megha Gupta3, Dutmanee Seriwatanachai4, Hanxiao Xue1, Qiuchan Xiong1, Tong Xu1, Dan Li1, Anchun Mo5, Xi Tang2, Xuedong Zhou1, Yuqing Li1* and Quan Yuan1,3*
Abstract Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, especially those with end stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis (HD), exhibit high prevalence of periodontitis. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the periodontal status of HD patients and its relationship with salivary microbiome. Methods: One hundred eight HD patients and one hundred healthy control individuals were recruited. They were subjected to periodontal examination followed by saliva samples collection for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: The HD patients were with worse periodontal health status, and exhibited higher salivary microbial diversity and lower richness. The periodontal pathogens were significantly enriched in the HD patients. The inferred functional analyze showed microbes enriched in the HD patients were mainly related to metabolism. Despite the periodontal status and overall structure of the microbiome were not significantly altered as the HD duration prolonged, the abundance of Lachnospiraceae [G-2] sp. |HMT_096| is positively correlated with the duration of HD and the community periodontal index (CPI). Five OTUs (operational taxonomic units) belonging to the phyla Firmicutes were enriched as the duration prolonged, and four OTUs originated from the phyla Proteobacteria were negatively related with the CPI index. ESRD patients undergoing HD exhibited microbiota structural, compositional and functional differences compared with the healthy controls. And the species changed as the duration of hemodialysis prolonged. Conclusions: End stage renal disease changes salivary microbiome and is a risk factor for oral dysbiosis. Keywords: Saliva, Oral microbiome, Hemodialysis, Periodontal disease
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a presence of injury and/or a progressive loss of renal function over a period of months or years culminating with end stage kidney disease (ESKD) [1]. Due to serious systemic sequelae, CKD has emerged as a major public health, the global burden of which has increased substantially in * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
recent years [2]. When the functional capacity of the kidney decreases below 5–10% of the normal efficiency, hemodialysis (HD), the most common form of the renal replacement therapy, can improve the long-term survival of patients with ESKD [3]. CKD is a risk factor for chronic periodontitis [4–6]. For patients with E
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