Smart Contracts for Service-Level Agreements in Edge-to-Cloud Computing
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Smart Contracts for Service-Level Agreements in Edge-to-Cloud Computing Petar Kochovski · Vlado Stankovski · Sandi Gec · Francescomaria Faticanti · Marco Savi · Domenico Siracusa · Seungwoo Kum
Received: 27 May 2020 / Accepted: 14 September 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The management of Service-Level Agreements (SLAs) in Edge-to-Cloud computing is a complex task due to the great heterogeneity of computing infrastructures and networks and their varying runtime conditions, which influences the resulting Quality of Service (QoS). SLA-management should be supported by formal assurances, ranking and verification of various microservice deployment options. This work introduces a novel Smart Contract (SC) based architecture that provides for SLA management among relevant entities and actors in a decentralised computing environment: Virtual Machines (VMs), Cloud service consumers and Cloud providers. Its key components are especially designed SC functions, a trustless Smart Oracle (Chainlink) and a probabilistic Markov Deci-
P. Kochovski · V. Stankovski () · S. Gec Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia e-mail: [email protected] M. Savi University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy F. Faticanti · M. Savi · D. Siracusa Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy F. Faticanti University of Trento, Trento, Italy S. Kum Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
sion Process. The novel architecture is implemented on Ethereum ledger (testnet). The results show its feasibility for SLA management including low costs operation within dynamic and decentralised Edge-toCloud federations. Keywords SLA management · Edge · Fog · Cloud · Blockchain · Smart contract · Smart oracle
1 Introduction Today, smart applications are being developed for many domains including smart homes, cities and communities, robotics, industry 4.0, construction and similar [23, 29, 30]. Various Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods are used in order to provide intelligent features to such smart applications. Due to the greatly varying requirements that may dynamically change, the technology basis for smart applications is increasingly represented by the Internet of Things (IoT), the Cloud technology and blockchain. There are many expected benefits of using these technologies, such as improved Quality of Service (QoS) in conditions of dynamic operation and heterogeneity, higher utilisation of resources, and lower operational costs. In order to address various non-functional requirements of smart applications, Cloud computing today is stretched to the Edge of the network, and Fog generally refers to heterogeneous, geographically distributed Cloud computing offer.
P. Kochovski et al.
Moreover, the IoT, AI and Cloud technologies alone are not enough to support dynamic application scenarios across broad geographic areas, for instance, when equipment, robots, cars or smartphones move from one place to another. In many scenarios, the applications are time-critica
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