Smilax aspera L. Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. Smilacaceae
Smilax aspera L.: Smilax aspera var. altissima Moris and De Not.; Smilax aspera var. angustifolia DC.; Smilax aspera var. balearica Willk. ex A. DC.; Smilax aspera subsp. balearica (Willk. ex A. DC.) K. Richt.; Smilax aspera subsp. balearica (Willk. ex A.
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Synonyms Smilax aspera L.: Smilax aspera var. altissima Moris and De Not.; Smilax aspera var. angustifolia DC.; Smilax aspera var. balearica Willk. ex A. DC.; Smilax aspera subsp. balearica (Willk. ex A. DC.) K. Richt.; Smilax aspera subsp. balearica (Willk. ex A. DC.) Romo; Smilax aspera var. maculata (Roxb. ex D. Don) A. DC.; Smilax aspera subsp. mauritanica (Poir.) Arcang.; Smilax aspera var. mauritanica (Poir.) Gren. and Godr.; Smilax aspera subsp. nigra (Willd.) Nyman; Smilax aspera var. nigra (Willd.) A. DC.; Smilax aspera var. ochrocarpa A. DC.; Smilax aspera var. perrottetiana A. DC.; Smilax aspericaulis Wall. ex A. DC.,
S. Bhatta Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal L. R. Joshi National Trust for Nature Conservation, Bardia Conservation Program, Kathmandu, Nepal R. M. Kunwar Cultural Geography, Department of Geosciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal e-mail: [email protected] R. W. Bussmann (*) Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Saving Knowledge, La Paz, Bolivia e-mail: [email protected] N. Y. Paniagua-Zambrana Department of Ethnobotany, Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Herbario Nacionál de Bolivia, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 R. Kunwar et al. (eds.), Ethnobotany of the Himalayas, Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45597-2_229-1
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Smilax maculata Roxb., Smilax sagittata Desv. ex Ham., Smilax sagittifolia G. Lodd. Smilax ovalifolia Roxb.: Smilax macrophylla Roxb.
Local Names Smilax aspera: Nepali: Kukurdaaino, Chopchini (Silwal et al. 2018); Gharwal: Kukrdaad; Hindi: Kukundara; English: Rough bindweed, Zarzaparilla (Singh 2016).
Botany and Ecology Smilax aspera: Vines climbing. Stem and branches woody, ridged-angled, usually very sparsely prickly; prickles short, slightly compressed. Petiole often curved or twisted, 3–4 cm, sometimes sparsely prickly, wingless; abscission zone apical; tendrils rather long. Leaf blade cordate-deltoid to ovate-lanceolate, 6–15 5– 9.5 cm. Inflorescence a spike of 5–25 umbels, 7–45 cm, basally prophyllate; umbels of both sexes sessile on elongate rachis, 3–6-flowered, base slightly thickened; bracteoles many, broadly ovate. Male flowers: tepals white, 4–5 ca. 1 mm; stamens 2–2.5 mm. Female flowers: tepals slightly smaller than male ones; staminodes 6. Flowering January–February, fruiting November–December (Chen et al. 2000; Wu et al. 1994–2013). The Mediterranean basin is the centre of intraspecific divergence for S. aspera (Chen et al. 2014). The species is widespread in Mediterranean region including North Africa, Eastern Africa, South Asia (Nepal, India, Kashmir, Sri Lanka, Bhutan) and Northwestern Yunnan, China (Xu et al. 2011; Chen et al. 2014). In South Asia, it occurs mainly in evergreen fores
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