Smoking and Health Effects
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Saccharide
Definition
▶ Carbohydrates
Behavioral medicine research is increasingly being influenced by theoretical models that explain individual differences in behavior and disease risk as a function of interrelated biological, behavioral, social, and contextual forces. This multi-level theoretical approach follows technical innovations that have made measuring the activity of many biological systems straightforward, portable, and cost efficient. Saliva, in particular, has received attention as a biospecimen; sample collection is perceived as feasible, cost-efficient, and safe, and salivary assays as reliable and accurate (see Table 1). A single oral fluid specimen can provide information about a range of physiologic systems, chemical exposures, and genetic variability relevant to basic biological function, health, and disease. The purpose of this review is to provide a road map for investigators interested in integrating this unique biospecimen into the next generation of studies in behavioral medicine.
Saliva ▶ Salivary Biomarkers
Salivary Biomarkers Douglas A. Granger1 and Sara B. Johnson2 1 Center for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, School of Nursing, Bloomberg School of Public Health, and School of Medicine The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA 2 School of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Synonyms Description Analytes; Biomarkers; Saliva
Author Notes In the interest of full disclosure, DAG is founder and Chief Strategy and Scientific Advisor at Salimetrics LLC (State College, PA). DAG’s relationship with Salimetrics LLC is managed by the policies of the Conflict of Interest Committee at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
Oral fluid as a biospecimen: “Saliva” is a composite of oral fluids secreted from many different glands. The source glands are located in the upper posterior area of the oral cavity (parotid gland area), lower area of the mouth between the cheek and jaw (submandibular gland area), and under the tongue (sublingual gland area). There are also
M.D. Gellman & J.R. Turner (eds.), Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9, # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
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Salivary Biomarkers
Salivary Biomarkers, Table 1 Perceived advantages of oral fluids as a research specimen compared to serum “Minimally invasive” “Safety” “Self-collection” “Economics” “Accuracy”
Considered “acceptable and noninvasive” by research participants and patients Collection is quick, non-painful, uncomplicated Reduces transmission of infectious disease by eliminating the potential for accidental needle sticks CDC does not consider saliva a class II biohazard unless visibly contaminated with blood Allows for community- and home-based collection Enables specimen collection in special populations Eliminates the need for a health care intermediary (e.g., phlebotomist, nurse) Resources for collection and processing samples are of low cost and available Salivary levels of many analy
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