Snow mold of winter cereals: a complex disease and a challenge for resistance breeding
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Snow mold of winter cereals: a complex disease and a challenge for resistance breeding Mira L. Ponomareva1 · Vladimir Yu. Gorshkov1 · Sergey N. Ponomarev1 · Viktor Korzun1,2 · Thomas Miedaner3 Received: 1 July 2020 / Accepted: 4 November 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Key message Snow mold resistance is a complex quantitative trait highly affected by environmental conditions during winter that must be addressed by resistance breeding. Abstract Snow mold resistance in winter cereals is an important trait for many countries in the Northern Hemisphere. The disease is caused by at least four complexes of soilborne fungi and oomycetes of which Microdochium nivale and M. majus are among the most common pathogens. They have a broad host range covering all winter and spring cereals and can basically affect all plant growth stages and organs. Their attack leads to a low germination rate, and/or pre- and post-emergence death of seedlings after winter and, depending on largely unknown environmental conditions, also to foot rot, leaf blight, and head blight. Resistance in winter wheat and triticale is governed by a multitude of quantitative trait loci (QTL) with mainly additive effects highly affected by genotype × environment interaction. Snow mold resistance interacts with winter hardiness in a complex way leading to a co-localization of resistance QTLs with QTLs/genes for freezing tolerance. In practical breeding, a multistep procedure is necessary with (1) freezing tolerance tests, (2) climate chamber tests for snow mold resistance, and (3) field tests in locations with and without regularly occurring snow cover. In the future, resistance sources should be genetically characterized also in rye by QTL mapping or genome-wide association studies. The development of genomic selection procedures should be prioritized in breeding research.
Introduction Snow mold is a disease complex caused by several phytopathogenic fungi that affect agricultural, ornamental, and indigenous plants under snow cover at or shortly below the freezing point (Bruehl 1982). Typically, snow mold is mainly reported from the Northern Hemisphere. There are four types of snow mold diseases, all caused by soilborne fungi or oomycetes: pink snow mold (Microdochium nivale, Communicated by Rajeev K. Varshney. * Thomas Miedaner miedaner@uni‑hohenheim.de 1
Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Ul. Lobachevskogo 2/31, Kazan 420111, Tatarstan, Russian Federation
2
KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA, Grimsehlstr. 31, 37555 Einbeck, Germany
3
State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstr. 21, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
M. majus), gray or speckled snow mold (Typhula idahoensis, T. ishikariensis, T. incarnata), snow scald (Myriosclerotinia borealis), and snow rot (Pythium iwayami and P. okanoganense) (Murray et al. 1999). Microdochium nivale (Fr.) Samuels & Hallet and M. majus (Wollenw.) Glynn & S.G. Edwards are the most common reasons for biotic winter crop damage (Nakajima and Abe
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