Cereals
Handbook of Plant Breeding series Cereal Breeding Marcelo J. Carena Editor Agriculture depends on improved cultivars, and plant breeders are those who develop improved cultivars through proper germplasm choice. Breeding methods and molecular tools are sec
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HANDBOOK OF PLANT BREEDING Editors-in-Chief: JAIME PROHENS, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain FERNANDO NUEZ, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain MARCELO J. CARENA, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA Volume 1 Vegetables I: Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodicaceae, and Cucurbitaceae Edited by Jaime Prohens and Fernando Nuez Volume 2 Vegetables II: Fabaceae, Liliaceae, Solanaceae and Umbelliferae Edited by Jaime Prohens and Fernando Nuez Volume 3 Cereals Edited by Marcelo J. Carena
Marcelo J. Carena Editor
Cereals
Editor Prof. Dr. Marcelo J. Carena North Dakota State University Corn Breeding & Genetics Dept. of Plant Sciences Dept #7670 374D Loftsgard Hall Fargo ND 58108‐6050 USA [email protected]
ISBN 978-0-387-72294-8 e-ISBN 978-0-387-72297-9 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-72297-9
Library of Congress Control Number: PCN Applied for # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permissions for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Printed on acid-free paper. 987654321 springer.com
Preface
Plant breeding is a discipline that has evolved with the development of human societies. Similar to the rapid changes in other disciplines during the twentieth century, plant breeding has changed from selection based on the phenotype of individuals to selection based on the information derived at the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) level in molecular genetic laboratories and data from replicated field experiments. The initial beginnings of plant breeding occurred when humans made the transition from a nomadic hunter–gatherer lifestyle to the development of communities, colonies, tribes, and civilizations. The more sedentary lifestyle required that adequate food supplies (both plant and animal) were available within the immediate surrounding areas. The plants available within the immediate areas became very important to sustain the food, fuel, fiber, and feed needs of the local settlements. Hence, the greater the grain and forage yields of the native plants, the greater the sustainability of the needs of the local settlements. They recognized the relative importance of some plant species that could meet the needs of the settlements and practiced selection of individual plants that had great
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