Socialisation Influences on Gender Ideologies of Immigrant and Native Youth in Germany, England, Sweden and the Netherla
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Socialisation Influences on Gender Ideologies of Immigrant and Native Youth in Germany, England, Sweden and the Netherlands Laia Sánchez Guerrero 1
&
Pia S. Schober 1,2
Accepted: 13 November 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Adolescence is a crucial life course phase for identity formation, and youths’ gender ideologies significantly predict gendered behaviours and longer-term transitions. With Western post-industrial societies becoming more culturally diverse, the present study provides novel cross-nationally comparative evidence on gender socialisation processes among native and immigrant youth in Sweden, Germany, England, and the Netherlands, which vary in gender and migration policies and cultures. In addition to parents’ gender ideologies, the study also considers classmates’ gender ideologies as factors shaping 14-year-old adolescents’ gender ideologies. The analysis draws on 5917 adolescent-parent dyads from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study which we link with country-level gender empowerment measures from the United Nations. Remarkably, with the exception of native female adolescents in England and Germany, parents tend to report slightly more egalitarian beliefs than adolescents across the four countries. OLS regressions show that parents’ and classmates’ gender ideologies correlate significantly with adolescents’ ideologies, with little variation across gender and immigrant groups in all four countries. From a policy and practical point of view, the great similarity in the intergenerational transmission of gender beliefs across diverse family backgrounds as well as cultural and policy contexts seem remarkable. Keywords Acculturation . Adolescence . Sex role attitudes . Transgenerational patterns . Migration background . European cultural groups Gender egalitarian beliefs and practises have been on the rise in modern post-industrial societies (Bolzendahl and Myers 2004). Yet, some immigrant groups hold more traditional gender beliefs and exhibit larger gender differences in labour market participation and care work than the majority population, with important economic implications for women’s earnings and family income (Arends-Tóth and Van de Vijver
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-020-01208-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Laia Sánchez Guerrero [email protected] Pia S. Schober [email protected] 1
Department of Sociology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
2
German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Berlin, Germany
2009; Diehl et al. 2009; Röder 2014; Wang 2019). To elucidate why the gender revolution has unfolded unequally across social groups, we need a more nuanced understanding of how children form their gender beliefs. Youths’ gender ideologies have also been found to significantly predict subsequent family, education, and labour market transitions in adulthood. More egalitarian beliefs among young wom
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