Solar Photovoltaics Technology, System Design, Reliability and Viabi

This book presents a quantitative description of the physics of solar-cell materials, transport processes, fabrication methods, and offers a scientific understanding of the technology involved. It also presents the current knowledge of the electrical char

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Solar Photovoltaics Technology, System Design, Reliability and Viability

Solar Photovoltaics

N. D. Kaushika • Anuradha Mishra • Anil K. Rai

Solar Photovoltaics Technology, System Design, Reliability and Viability

N. D. Kaushika Centre for Energy Studies Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Delhi, India

Anuradha Mishra National Institute of Technology Calicut Calicut, India

Anil K. Rai Department of Electrical & Electronical Engineering Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

Co-published by Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, with Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi, India. Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Springer, 233 Spring Street, New York 10013, USA. In all other countries, except SAARC countries—Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka—sold and distributed by Springer, Tiergartenstr. 15, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany. In SAARC countries—Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka—printed book sold and distributed by Capital Publishing Company, 7/28, Mahaveer Street, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002, India. ISBN 978-3-319-72403-4 ISBN 978-3-319-72404-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72404-1

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2017964703 © Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi, India 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface

Decentralized electricity-generating units are effective means of energy conservation. However, being based on diesel generation, these offer only a short-term solution as the world’s fossil fuel production has already s