Solid Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films
This book emphasises both experimental and theoretical aspects of surface, interface and thin film physics. As in previous editions the preparation of surfaces and thin films, their atomic and morphological, their vibronic and electronic properties as wel
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Hans Lüth
Solid Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films Fifth Edition
Graduate Texts in Physics
Graduate Texts in Physics Graduate Texts in Physics publishes core learning/teaching material for graduate- and advanced-level undergraduate courses on topics of current and emerging fields within physics, both pure and applied. These textbooks serve students at the MS- or PhD-level and their instructors as comprehensive sources of principles, definitions, derivations, experiments and applications (as relevant) for their mastery and teaching, respectively. International in scope and relevance, the textbooks correspond to course syllabi sufficiently to serve as required reading. Their didactic style, comprehensiveness and coverage of fundamental material also make them suitable as introductions or references for scientists entering, or requiring timely knowledge of, a research field.
Series Editors Professor William T. Rhodes Florida Atlantic University Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Imaging Science and Technology Center 777 Glades Road SE, Room 456 Boca Raton, FL33431, USA E-mail: [email protected] Professor H. Eugene Stanley Boston University Center for Polymer Studies Department of Physics 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Room 204B Boston, MA 02215, USA E-mail: [email protected] Professor Richard Needs Cavendish Laboratory JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 oHE, UK E-mail: [email protected]
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8431
Hans Lüth
Solid Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films Fifth Edition
With 427 Figures
123
Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. Hans Lüth Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institut für Bio- und Nanosysteme 52425 Jülich Germany [email protected]
ISSN 1868-4513 ISBN 978-3-642-13591-0 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-13592-7
e-ISSN 1868-4521 e-ISBN 978-3-642-13592-7
Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010933115 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1993, 1995, 2001, 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: eStudio Calamar S.L. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
The fourth edition of “Solid Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films” has been used meanwh