Solution-Based Synthesis of Manganese Oxide Cathodes for Lithium Batteries
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Journal of VertebratePaleontology 16(2):232-245, June 1996 C 1996 by the Society of VertebratePaleontology
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THE
DINOSAUR SOCI ETY'
A NEW NODOSAURID ANKYLOSAUR (DINOSAURIA: ORNITHISCHIA) FROM THE PAW PAW FORMATION (LATE ALBIAN) OF TEXAS YUONG-NAM LEE Department of Geological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275 ABSTRACT-Pawpawsaurus campbelli gen. et sp. nov. from the Paw Paw Formation(late Albian), TarrantCounty, Texas, appearsmore primitivethan other pre-Campaniannodosaurids,Silvisauruscondrayiand Sauropeltaedwardsi. New cranial synapomorphiesfor the Nodosauridaeare prominentW-shapedbasioccipitaltubera,anteriorlyconcave and anteroposteriorlyflattenedquadrate,and transverselycontinuousand straightposteriormarginof the pterygoid alignedwith the quadrateshaft.These synapomorphiesareclosely relatedto the downwardorientationof the nodosaurid head in life. A pair of bony eyelids recoveredwith the skull are the first discoveredfor the Nodosauridae.OtherPaw Paw Formationnodosauridremains, including new postcranialelements and a baby nodosaurid,are taxonomically indeterminate.
TAPHONOMY
INTRODUCTION
Paw Paw nodosaurids have been recovered from marine sediments at four localities. There is no evidence of damage due to fluvial transport. Nodosaurids probably frequented coastal environments generally, as supported by several occurrences in marine sediments of western North America (Horner, 1979). The isolated skull lay palate-down on a shallow bottom where fine sand and clay were being deposited locally. Most of the teeth have fallen out. Bony eyelids that presumably attached to the orbits by ligaments were found near the skull. Scratch marks, most likely due to scavenging, are present on the condyle of the right quadrate and on the anterior proximal surface of a humerus (SMU 73507). Sharks and crabs would have been the most likely scavengers judging from their abundance at these sites. The defleshed skull roof and other bones were colonized by oysters. The diameters of these oysters are between 7 mm and 40 mm. Judging from the growth rates of modern oysters (Galtsoff, 1964), the skull remained exposed on the seafloor for a few years until it was completely covered wit
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