Solvent-Free Production of Glycerol Carbonate from Bioglycerol with Urea Over Nanostructured Promoted SnO 2 Catalysts
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Solvent‑Free Production of Glycerol Carbonate from Bioglycerol with Urea Over Nanostructured Promoted SnO2 Catalysts Baithy Mallesham1,2 · Agolu Rangaswamy1 · Bolla Govinda Rao1 · Tumula Venkateshwar Rao1 · Benjaram M. Reddy1 Received: 25 March 2020 / Accepted: 26 April 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this study nanostructured MoO3 and WO3 promoted SnO2 solid acid catalysts were explored for the production of glycerol carbonate via carbonylation of bioglycerol with urea. The investigated reference S nO2 and promoted catalysts were synthesized by fusion and wet-impregnation methods, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the prepared catalysts were thoroughly analyzed by XRD, Raman, BET surface area, TEM, FTIR, pyridine adsorbed FTIR, N H3-TPD, and XPS techniques. It was found from the characterization studies that integration of SnO2 with M oO3 and WO3 promoters leads to remarkable structural, textural, and acidic properties. Especially, a high quantity of acidic sites were observed over the MoO3/SnO2 catalyst (~ 81.45 μmol g−1) followed by WO3/SnO2 (61.81 μmol g−1) and pure SnO2 (46.47 μmol g−1), which played a key role in the carbonylation of bioglycerol with urea. The BET specific surface area and oxygen vacancies of SnO2 were significantly enhanced after the addition of M oO3 and W O3 promoters. TEM images revealed the formation of nanosized particles with a diameter of around 5–25 nm for the synthesized catalysts. The MoO3/SnO2 catalyst exhibited a high conversion and selectivity towards glycerol carbonate in comparison to other catalysts. The observed better performance is attributed to unique properties of M oO3/SnO2 catalyst including smaller crystallite size, high specific surface area, abundant oxygen vacancies, and more number of acidic sites. This catalyst also exhibited remarkable stability with no significant loss of activity in the recycling experiments. Graphic Abstract Nanostructured MoO3/SnO2 solid acid catalyst exhibited an excellent catalytic activity and a high selectivity to glycerol carbonate in the carbonylation of bioglycerol with urea under solvent-free and mild conditions.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-020-03241-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Keywords Bioglycerol · Urea · Glycerol carbonate · Acidic sites · SnO2 · MoO3/SnO2
1 Introduction It is now widely recognized that abundant, safe, and renewable sources of energy alternative to fossil fuels are desirable to ensure long-term economic and social stability [1, 2]. As known, the excessive consumption of fossil fuels leads to increased levels of greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in amplified global average temperatures [3–5]. At the same time, the demand for fossil fuel-based products is continuously increasing,
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