Sonography of abdominal wall vascular malformation: a case report and review of the literature
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Sonography of abdominal wall vascular malformation: a case report and review of the literature Giulio Cocco1 · Vincenzo Ricci2 · Nino Cocco3 · Andrea Boccatonda1 · Damiano D’Ardes1 · Raffaella Basilico4 · Cosima Schiavone1 Received: 22 July 2020 / Accepted: 6 August 2020 © Società Italiana di Ultrasonologia in Medicina e Biologia (SIUMB) 2020
Abstract Vascular anomalies are classified as vascular tumors (VT) and vascular malformations (VM). VTs are divided according to their clinical behavior, while VMs are classified according to their flow characteristics, histopathologic features, and associations with other anomalies. Sonography emerges as the diagnostic imaging method of first choice for assessing abdominal wall disorders and masses, thus representing a valuable tool for the diagnosis and follow-up of abdominal wall VMs. In this review, we report a case of abdominal wall arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in a 17-year old and briefly discuss the cases of abdominal wall VMs. Keywords Abdominal wall mass · Sonography · Vascular malformation
Introduction Vascular anomalies are classified as vascular tumors (VTs) and vascular malformations (VMs). VTs are divided according to their clinical behavior, while VMs are classified according to their flow characteristics, histopathologic features, and associations with other anomalies. VMs can occur in various sites, such as visceral organs as well as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, but they are commonly located intracranially [1, 2]. Any blood vessel type or a combination thereof may be affected by a VM. These lesions can infiltrate normal tissue, which makes them very difficult to manage. The most common VMs include lymphatic malformations, capillary-venular malformations, venous malformations, and * Giulio Cocco [email protected] 1
Unit of Ultrasound in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
2
Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, IRCCS Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
3
Departmental Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
4
Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti, Italy
arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). While different in their biologic and clinical profiles, as a whole, VMs do not regress and continue to expand with time. Periods of rapid growth, infiltration, and soft tissue destruction will spur therapeutic approaches that depend upon the malformation involved [3]. We report a case of abdominal wall AVM in a 17-year old female located in the left lower abdomen wall, detected by sonography and treated by embolization. Four years following the embolization, at the ultrasound (US) evaluation, the mass appeared slightly reduced in size, with less represented intralesional flows and reduced perfusion upon color-power Doppler analysis. Furthermore, we performed a systematic literature search in Pu
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