Sorption of Bioavailable Arsenic on Clay and Iron Oxides Elevates the Soil Microbial Activity
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Sorption of Bioavailable Arsenic on Clay and Iron Oxides Elevates the Soil Microbial Activity Miyeon Lee & Yongtae Ahn & Kalimuthu Pandi & Ho Young Jo & Jaeyoung Choi
Received: 26 March 2020 / Accepted: 15 July 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract In this study, the effects of As-contaminated groundwater by various minerals in the soil were evaluated. The influence of As on microbial inhibition and activities influenced by soil minerals such as clay minerals (bentonite and kaolinite) and iron oxides (hematite, goethite, and magnetite) were investigated. The method used to evaluate the effects of soil minerals on Ascontaminated groundwater was to indirectly measure microbial activity by two methods, measurement of optical density (OD) and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis. This study used Pseudomonas jinjuensis, a microorganism commonly found in soil and groundwater. The measurement of OD is a simple and quick method of identifying the growth of microorganisms, affecting turbidity up to dead cells after dead phase, making it difficult to identify actual living microorganisms; thus, it was inappropriate for toxicity assessment. However, the use of FDA is able to measure the bioavailability of microorganisms due to actual As contamination by the luminescence of the fluorescein caused by the enzymes of living microbes. The bentonite and Miyeon Lee and Yongtae Ahn contributed equally to this work. M. Lee : Y. Ahn : K. Pandi : J. Choi (*) Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea e-mail: [email protected] M. Lee : H. Y. Jo Department of Advanced Environmental Science, Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
hematite showed that promoting bacteria activity of 140.5% and 7.9%, respectively, and reducing the negative impact from As to bacteria, constantly, magnetite had a negative impact on bacteria activity. These results indicate that the clay minerals and iron oxides influenced the bioavailability of As in groundwater. Also, surface area and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of clay minerals and iron oxides were important parameters on the bioavailability of As. Keywords Arsenic . Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) . Bioavailability . Soil constituents . Aquifer
1 Introduction The natural weathering of rocks and anthropogenic activities are the major sources for the groundwater and soil contamination by arsenic (As) (Dixit and Hering 2003). The long-term intake of As-contaminated water or food can cause cancers in various organs, such as the lungs, bladder, liver, kidney, and skin (Wang et al. 2002). Hence, the World Health Organization (WHO) has categorized arsenic as a remarkable toxin that is more dangerous than any other toxic substance. According to the WHO and the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the maximum contamination limit (MCL) of As in drinking water is 10 μg/L (WHO 2011). In water bodies,
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