Bioformulation of Microbial Fertilizer Based on Clay and Alginate Encapsulation
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Bioformulation of Microbial Fertilizer Based on Clay and Alginate Encapsulation Issam Meftah Kadmiri1,3 · Najib El Mernissi1 · Salah Eddine Azaroual1 · Mohamed El Mehdi Mekhzoum2 · Abou El Kacem Qaiss2 · Rachid Bouhfid2 Received: 14 March 2020 / Accepted: 16 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study aims to develop new formulations for microbial fertilizers Pseudomonas fluorescens Ms-01 (Pf) and Azosprillum brasilense DSM1690 (Ab) using two kinds of clay minerals. The studied formulations were prepared as hybrid materials based on halloysite and alginate [Ha-Ag] or montmorillonite and alginate polymers [Mt-Ag] and were applied to the bacterial strains to develop low cost, efficient, and slow-release capsules. Their efficiency was evaluated in comparison with alginate [Ag] as the control. The produced capsules were spherical in shape and were chemically and physically characterized and further analyzed for their swelling ratios, soil biodegradability, release kinetics of microbial cells, and their survival stability over 3 months of storage under different conditions (room temperature vs 4 °C). The effect of the capsules on the growth of wheat plants was also investigated. Results showed that both formulations were able to preserve bacterial survival which reached 14.8 log CFU g−1 after 3 months storage in the halloysite formulation. The swelling ratios were ranged between 61.5 ± 1.35% and 36.5 ± 5% for the montmorillonite and the halloysite formulations, respectively. The release kinetics revealed the slow-release capacity of the capsules mainly with the halloysite formulation which significantly released bacterial cells after 15 days of incubation in saline water (15.24 log CFU mL−1). The application of the capsules to wheat plants significantly increased root and shoot biomasses and nitrogen content in the roots. In conclusion, halloysite minerals seem to be more adapted as additive to alginate in microbial encapsulation.
Introduction During the last 20 years, the term “Biofertilizer” was inconsistently defined and number of publications tried to propose a concise and complete definition [1–3]. According to Malusà and Vassilev [3], a biofertilizer could have
* Issam Meftah Kadmiri [email protected] * Rachid Bouhfid [email protected] 1
Moroccan Foundation of Advanced Science Innovation and Research MAScIR, Department of Green Biotechnology, Rue Mohamed Al Jazouli Madinat Al Irfane, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
2
Moroccan Foundation of Advanced Science Innovation and Research MAScIR, Department of Composite and Nanocomposite, Rue Mohamed Al Jazouli Madinat Al Irfane, 10100 Rabat, Morocco
3
Microbiome Program, AgroBioSciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
a scientific, technical, and legal definition. They proposed an interesting definition of Biofertilizers as “products containing carrier based (solid or liquid) living microorganisms which are agriculturally useful in terms of nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solu
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