Source apportionment, contamination levels, and spatial prediction of potentially toxic elements in selected soils of th
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Source apportionment, contamination levels, and spatial prediction of potentially toxic elements in selected soils of the Czech Republic Prince Chapman Agyeman . Samuel Kudjo Ahado . John Kingsley . Ndiye Michael Kebonye . James Kobina Mensah Biney . Lubosˇ Boru˚vka . Radim Vasat . Martin Kocarek
Received: 5 June 2020 / Accepted: 6 October 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The sustenance of humans and livestock depends on the protection of the soil. Consequently, the pollution of the soil with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is of great concern to humanity. The objective of this study is to investigate the source apportionment, concentration levels and spatial distribution of PTEs in selected soils in Fry´dek-Mı´stek District of the Czech Republic. The total number of soil samples was 70 (topsoil 49 and 21 subsoils) and was analysed using a portable XRF machine. Contamination factor and the pollution index load were used for the assessment and interpreting the pollution and distribution of PTEs in the soils. The inverse distance weighting was used for the spatial evaluation of the PTEs. The results of the analysis showed that the area is composed of low-tohigh pollution site. PTEs displayed spatial variation patterns. The average PTE concentration decreases in this Fe [ Ti [ Ba [ Zr [ Rb [ Sr [ Cr [ Y[Cu [ Ni [ Th order for the topsoil and also Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00743-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. P. C. Agyeman (&) S. K. Ahado J. Kingsley N. M. Kebonye J. K. M. Biney L. Boru˚vka R. Vasat M. Kocarek Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic e-mail: [email protected]
decreases in this Fe [ Ti [ Zr [ Ba [ Rb [ Sr [ Cr [ Y [ Cu [ Ni [ and Th order for the subsoil. These PTEs Cr, Ni, Cu, Rb, Y, Zr, Ba, Th, and Fe were far above the baseline European average value and the World average value level, respectively. The source apportionment showed the dominance of Cr, Ni, Rb, Ti, Th, Zr, Cu, Fe in the topsoil, while the subsoil was dominated by all the PTEs (factor 1 to 6) except Ba. The study concludes that indiscriminate human activities have an enormous effect on soil pollution. Keywords Spatial distribution Potentially toxic elements Contamination degree Source apportionment Soil pollution European average value
Introduction Potential toxic elements (PTEs) are a generic name that includes the phrase ‘heavy metals’, ‘trace elements’, and ‘toxic elements’ with a weight density more than or less than 5 g cm-3 (Fu et al. 2008; Ali et al. 2013; Fang et al. 2016; Anwakang 2018). PTEs are commonly present in almost all environmental matrices, including but not limited to soil, plants, and water. Similarly, PTEs originate naturally from rocks and mineral ores
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