Potentially toxic elements in the Middle East oldest oil refinery zone soils: source apportionment, speciation, bioacces
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Potentially toxic elements in the Middle East oldest oil refinery zone soils: source apportionment, speciation, bioaccessibility and human health risk assessment Zeinab Mokhtarzadeh 1 & Behnam Keshavarzi 1 & Farid Moore 1 & Franco Ajmone Marsan 2 & Elio Padoan 2 Received: 23 March 2020 / Accepted: 25 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this research, fifteen potentially toxic elements (PTEs) (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc and Zn) were analysed and quantified in samples collected at 44 sites in an urban area of Iran. Sources were apportioned using enrichment factors (EFs), modified pollution index (MPI), principal component analysis (PCA), multivariate linear regression of absolute principal component scores (MLR-APCS) and speciation, with a focus on anthropogenic PTEs in the urban and industrial soils of the Arvand Free Zone area, an oil-rich zone in the country. Furthermore, the bioaccessibility and the human health risks of PTEs were investigated. The EF revealed a significant enrichment for elements such as Cd, Cu, Hg, Mo, Pb, Sb and Zn. Values of MPI showed that Abadan industrial district and Abadan petrochemical complex are the most polluted sites in the study area. The PCA/MLR analysis revealed four main sources: natural sources, fossil fuel combustion, traffic and oil derivatives and petroleum waste. The relative contribution of each source to PTE concentration varied from 32.3% of the natural sources to 30.6% of traffic and from 20.1% of petroleum waste to 17% of fossil fuel combustion. The source apportionment of metals generated using MLR-APCS receptor modelling revealed that 85.0% of Hg was generated by oil products. Chemical speciation results were compatible with the results obtained from PCA. Bioaccessibility of PTEs decreased from gastric to intestinal phase except Mo and Sb due to their different geochemical characteristics. Hazard index (HI) for non-cancer risk of PTEs for both children and adults based on total element concentrations was estimated to range from 2-fold to more than 10-fold higher than that of bioaccessible phases. Keywords Potentially toxic elements . Urban and industrial soil . Source apportionment . BCR . SBRC
Introduction Among different kinds of environmental contaminants, potentially toxic elements (PTEs) represent a serious issue due to their ubiquity, toxicity and persistence in the ambient Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09895-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Behnam Keshavarzi [email protected] 1
Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71454, Iran
2
DISAFA, Chimica Agraria e Pedologia, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy
environment (Burges et al. 2015; Guney et al. 2010). Due to the fast development of industries, agriculture
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