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atistical Semantics Methods and Applications

Statistical Semantics

Sverker Sikström • Danilo Garcia Editors

Statistical Semantics Methods and Applications

Editors Sverker Sikström Department of Psychology Lund University Lund, Sweden

Danilo Garcia Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning Linköping University Linköping, Sweden Blekinge Center of Competence Region Blekinge Karlskrona, Sweden Department of Psychology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden

ISBN 978-3-030-37249-1 ISBN 978-3-030-37250-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37250-7

(eBook)

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

To Patricia, for giving meaning to my life beyond words. . . “When the world ends Collect your things You're coming with me When the world ends You tuckle up yourself with me Watch it as the stars disappear to nothing The day the world is over We'll be lying in bed” From the song When the World Ends by Dave Mathews Band DG

Preface

When I, Sverker Sikström, took my first psychology class and got an assignment in which I and my classmates were asked to collect data, the professor told us not to ask participants for responses using their words. Use rating scales instead, he said, then you can input the data in your statistical program and do science. So I did, and so did my classmates. However, already at this point in time I reflected that there was something odd with this statement. Why should we not listen to and try to understand the meaning of the participants’ own words? After all, even the very statement of “not to use words” was communicated in words!? It took me a few decades of research experience before I could spell out and approach the