Spatial-temporal changes of forests and agricultural lands in Malaysia from 1990 to 2017
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Spatial-temporal changes of forests and agricultural lands in Malaysia from 1990 to 2017 Jinfeng Yan & Shanshan Gao & Meirong Xu & Fenzhen Su
Received: 25 May 2020 / Accepted: 17 November 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Forests and agricultural lands are the main resources on the earth’s surface and important indicators of regional ecological environments. In this paper, Landsat images from 1990 and 2017 were used to extract information on forests in Malaysia based on a remote-sensing classification method. The spatialtemporal changes of forests and agricultural lands in Malaysia between 1990 and 2017 were analyzed. The results showed that the natural forests in Malaysia decreased by 441 Mha, a reduction of 21%. The natural forests were mainly converted into plantations in Peninsular Malaysia and plantations and secondary forests in East Malaysia. The area of agricultural lands in Malaysia increased by 55.7%, in which paddy fields increased by 1.1% and plantations increased by 98.2%. Paddy fields in Peninsular Malaysia are mainly distributed in the north-central coast and the Kelantan Delta. The agricultural land in East Malaysia is dominated by plantations, which are mainly distributed in coastal areas. The predictable areas of possible expansion for paddy fields in Peninsular Malaysia’s Kelantan (45.2%) and Kedah (16.8%) areas in the future are large, and in J. Yan (*) : S. Gao : M. Xu College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China e-mail: [email protected] F. Su State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
addition, the plantations in Sarawak (44.7%) and Sabah (29.6%) of East Malaysia have large areas for expansion. The contradiction between agricultural development and protecting the ecological environment is increasingly prominent. The demand for agriculture is expected to increase further and result in greater pressures on tropical forests. Governments also need to encourage farmers to carry out existing land development, land recultivation, or cooperative development to improve agricultural efficiency and reduce the damage to natural forests. Keywords Natural forests . Plantations . Spatialtemporal changes . Agricultural land expansion
Introduction Forestland resources are the foundation of forestry development and the basic natural resources and strategic economic resources for national development and are important indicators of regional ecological environments (Lambin et al. 2003). Natural forests play an important role among forest resources, but unsustainable use and extensive management in recent decades have caused serious damage, degradation and disappearance of large areas of natural forests on the earth (Mather and Needle 1998). Nearly 1300 Mha of natural forests are destroyed or disappear due to human activities every year. Changes or transformations of forests have a profound i
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