Spatial variability of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the hilly red soil region of Southern China
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Spatial variability of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the hilly red soil region of Southern China Xiong Yao1,2 • Kunyong Yu1,2 • Yangbo Deng1 • Jian Liu1,2 • Zhuangjie Lai1
Received: 6 August 2018 / Accepted: 28 September 2018 The Author(s) 2019
Abstract To obtain accurate spatial distribution maps of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in the Hetian Town in Fujian Province, China, soil samples from three depths (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm) at 59 sampling sites were sampled by using traditional analysis and geostatistical approach. The SOC and TN ranged from 2.26 to 47.54 g kg-1, and from 0.28 to 2.71 g kg-1, respectively. The coefficient of variation for SOC and TN was moderate at 49.02–55.87% for all depths. According to the nuggetto-sill ratio values, a moderate spatial dependence of SOC content and a strong spatial dependence of TN content were found in different soil depths, demonstrating that SOC content was affected by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors while TN content was mainly influenced by intrinsic factors. Indices of cross-validation, such as mean error, mean standardized error, were close to zero,
Project funding: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31770760 and 41401385), the Research Foundation Program of Fujian Water Department (Grant No. MSK201705), the scholarship program of China Scholarship Council (Grant No. 201707877012), and Science Fund Project of Forestry College, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University (Grant No. 61201400833). The online version is available at http://www.springerlink.com Corresponding editor: Yu Lei. & Jian Liu [email protected] 1
College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
2
University Key Lab for Geomatics Technology and Optimize Resources Utilization in Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
indicating that ordinary kriging interpolation is a reliable method to predict the spatial distribution of SOC and TN in different soil depths. Interpolation using ordinary kriging indicated the spatial pattern of SOC and TN were characterized by higher in the periphery and lower in the middle. To improve the accuracy of spatial interpolation for soil properties, it is necessary and important to incorporate a probabilistic and machine learning methods in the future study. Keywords SOC TN Spatial variability Geostatistics Red soil
Introduction In order to offset difficult economic conditions, forests and their understories were cleared and used as fuelwood in rural areas of China (Wang et al. 2012). Long-term acquirements for fuelwood in underdeveloped areas have resulted in vegetation degradation, as well as other environmental issues, such as greenhouse effect and soil erosion (Heltberg et al. 2000; Foell et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2012). In addition, anthropogenic activities in these areas have caused the degradation of terrestrial ecosystems (Bai et al. 2014). In most cases, these anthropogenic activities have profound
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