Spatial variation and distribution of soil micronutrients relative to macronutrients in Mt. Wakakusa Grassland (central-
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Spatial variation and distribution of soil micronutrients relative to macronutrients in Mt. Wakakusa Grassland (central‑western Japan) Khairun N. Kamarudin1,2,4 · Mayu Tomita1,3 · Keiko Kondo1 · Susumu S. Abe1,5 Received: 3 October 2019 / Revised: 25 May 2020 / Accepted: 22 June 2020 © International Consortium of Landscape and Ecological Engineering 2020
Abstract To provide spatial information on soil resources for sustainable land management in the Mt. Wakakusa Grassland of centralwestern Japan, we investigated the spatial variation and distribution of selected micronutrients, i.e., Mehlich 3 extractable Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn (referred as M3-Fe, M3-Mn, M3-Cu, and M3-Zn, respectively), in surface soils (0–5 cm in depth) of the grassland. All micronutrients showed intermediate variability, with coefficients of variation ranging from 26.9 to 48.9%. The M3-Fe (144.0 ± 32.9 mg kg−1) and M3-Mn (204.8 ± 91.3 mg kg−1) contents were relatively high compared with the optimal level exhibited by M3-Cu (1.8 ± 0.5 mg kg−1) and the low level given by M3-Zn (7.8 ± 2.2 mg kg−1). The availability of these micronutrients, except for M3-Zn, showed more significant correlations with the soil mineral phase than with the soil pH and organic matter. Variogram analysis reveals a moderately weak spatial dependency [nugget-to-sill (N/S) ratio = 0.67] for the M3-Zn, while the other micronutrients (M3-Fe, M3-Mn, and M3-Cu) exhibit moderately strong to strong spatial dependencies (N/S ratio = 0.21–0.50). Interpolation maps created in this study demonstrate locations with toxic levels of M3-Fe and M3-Mn and those deficient in M3-Mn and M3-Cu in the study site. Based on these results, a site-specific soil management scheme is recommended in the Mt. Wakakusa Grassland. Keywords Geostatistics · Mehlich 3 method · Ordinary kriging · Spatial dependency · Semivariogram
Introduction The Mt. Wakakusa area involves a hilly grassland in centralwestern Japan, existing for over 500 years and characterized by periodic prescribed burnings. This grassland is located within the Nara Park, which includes historic structures such as Todaiji Temple, Kofokuji Temple, and Kasuga Grand * Susumu S. Abe [email protected] 1
Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara 631‑8505, Japan
2
Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
3
Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Hangi, Shimogamo, Kyoto 606‑8522, Japan
4
Present Address: Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 02600 Perlis, Malaysia
5
Present Address: Experimental Farm, Kindai University, c/o Institute of Advanced Technology, Kainan, Wakayama 642‑0017, Japan
Shrine. The natural conservation portion like the Mt. Kasuga Primeval Forest in the area is a UNESCO World Heritage site known as the “Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara”. Since it is a buffer zone to the World Heritage site, the Mt. Wakakusa Grassland area requires effective sustainable land mana
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