Spatial prediction of climate, soil, and macrofauna
Geomorphometric variables have been used for decades for several objectives, e.g. the prediction of soil loss determined by slope, or colluvial erosion and accumulation caused by type and degree of curvature particularly in agriculture (Seiler 1982). Anot
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Martin Jansen· Michael Judas· Joachim Saborowski Editors
Spatial Modelling in Forest Ecology and Management A Case Study
With 72 Figures, 8 in Color
,
Springer
Dr. Martin Jansen Institut fur Forstliche Biometrie und Informatik Busgenweg 4 37077 Gi:ittingen, Germany [email protected] Dr. Michael Judas Institut fur Zoologie und Anthropologie, Abteilung Okologie Berliner StraGe 28 37073 Gi:ittingen, Gemany [email protected] Professor Dr. Joachim Saborowski Institut fUr Forstliche Biometrie und Informatik Busgenweg 4 37077 Gi:ittingen, Germany [email protected]
ISBN 3-540-43357-0 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Spatial modelling in forest ecology and management: a case study / Martin Jansen ... (ed.). - Berlin; Heidelberg; New York ; Barcelona; Hongkong; London; Mailand ; Paris; Tokio: Springer, 2002 ISBN 3-540-43357-0 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a member of BertelsmannSpringer Science+Business Media GmbH http://www.springer.de © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Production: PRO EDIT GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Cover Design: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg, Germany Typesetting: Camera-Ready by Author Printed on acid-free paper
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Preface
At the end of the 1970s, when signs of destabilization of forests became visible in Europe on a large scale, it soon became obvious that the syndrome called "forest decline" was caused by a network of interrelated factors of abiotic and biotic origin. All attempts to explain the wide-spread syndrome by a single cause, and there were many of them, failed or can only be regarded as a single mosaic stone in the network of causes behind the phenomenon. Forest ecosystems are highly complex natural or quasinatural systems, which exhibit different structures and functions and as a consequence different resilience to internal or external stresses. Moreover, forest ecosystems have a long history, which means that former impacts may act as predisposing factors for other stresses. The complexity and the different h
