Spatio-temporal dynamics of landslides in the sedimentary terrain: a case of Siwalik zone of Babai watershed, Nepal
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Spatio‑temporal dynamics of landslides in the sedimentary terrain: a case of Siwalik zone of Babai watershed, Nepal Bharat Prasad Bhandari1 · Subodh Dhakal2 Received: 21 January 2020 / Accepted: 30 March 2020 / Published online: 8 April 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Topographical, geological and hydrological attributes of mountainous region play significant role for landslide occurrence. In this study, the spatial and temporal behaviors of landslides in the Siwalik zone of Babai watershed are evaluated on the basis of topographical, geological and hydrological attributes. For this work, polygon based landslide spatial inventory and spatio-temporal inventory from the years 2010 to 2019 were prepared by using Santeniel-2, USGS and temporal series of Google earth images. Further analysis of landslides including the numbers, area and other geometrical parameters were carried out using Q-GIS. The geological map prepared by the Department of Mines and Geology of Nepal government was referred and validated from the field. The precipitation data was obtained from department of hydrology and meteorology, Government of Nepal. The state of activity of landslides was evaluated in different geological formations in temporal basis. The result shows that the landslides in study area are highly dynamic in nature showing reactivation, expansion and even self stabilization in some parts. The new and active landslides are identified every year in every geological formation since a decade. It is also found that the hanging wall of the thrust zone is more sensitive for the distribution of medium to large scale landslides. The total annual rainfall shows positive correlation with the landslide frequency. The study will be useful for the researchers and policy makers to understand landslide mechanics and to manage the safe settlements in the area. Keywords Landslides · Spatio-temporal dynamics · Siwalik · State of activity
1 Introduction Landslide is common geological hazard in the mountainous terrain like Nepal that causes long term threat to the people and properties. Lying on the convergent plate boundary between Tibetan plate and Indian plate, the Nepalese Mountain is considered as an active Mountain of the world and the geological structures are very common in the Nepalese hills. Topographical and hydrological attributes of mountainous region play significant role for landslide occurrence in the hills of Nepal [2]. Many people loose their life and property every year due to landslide
mostly in the monsoon period which is the great challenges in the entire Nepalese Himalaya. Spatial and temporal dynamics of landslide give causes and evolution mechanism of landslide. The temporal study helps to understand the series of landslide initiation and development. For the spatial and temporal study, landslide inventory is essential. The number and area of landslide can be obtained from systematic and accurate landslide inventory map [18, 30]. The adverse topography, dynamic geomorphology, weak geology and presence o
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