Species-Spanning Echocardiography: Cardiovascular Insights from Across the Animal Kingdom
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ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY (JM GARDIN AND AH WALLER, SECTION EDITORS)
Species-Spanning Echocardiography: Cardiovascular Insights from Across the Animal Kingdom B. N. Horowitz 1,2,3
&
Ilana B. Kutinsky 4
&
Annika Linde 5
Accepted: 3 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review The objective of this review is to present comparative echocardiography as a source of insights for human cardiovascular medicine. Recent Findings We present echocardiographic examples of high impact human cardiovascular pathologies, including valvular, vascular, conduction, and myocardial disorders, in a wide range of species in varying environments. Unique features associated with comparative echocardiographic assessments are linked to human cardiology, including natural animal models of resistance and vulnerability. Summary The cardiovascular vulnerabilities and strengths of other species can be a source of invaluable insights for human healthcare professionals. Echocardiography is playing a key role in bridging human and veterinary cardiology. Consequently, species-spanning echocardiography can deliver novel insights for human medicine. Keywords Natural animal models . Bio-inspired medicine . Comparative cardiology . One medicine . Zoobiquity
Introduction Between human and animal medicine there is no dividing line. Rudolf Carl Virchow (1821–1902)
Viewed through the lens of Virchow’s nineteenth century microscope, the cells of a dog, a sheep, and a human heart would have been remarkably similar in appearance. Today’s advanced imaging can resolve minute differences between tissues at the cellular, sub-cellular, and even molecular levels [1]. Still, because cardiovascular structure and function are significantly conserved across chordates, a human echocardiographer can readily perceive structures, functions, and
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Echocardiography Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-020-01417-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * B. N. Horowitz [email protected]
2
Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
3
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Annika Linde [email protected]
4
William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
5
College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
Ilana B. Kutinsky [email protected]
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pathology when imaging the hearts of other mammals, birds, reptiles, and even fish [2]. Vertebrate animals from fish and amphibians to reptiles, birds, and mammals share vulnerability to a wide range of cardiovascular disorders that also affect humans. Cardiomyopathies, dysrhythmias, congenital syndromes, valvular, pericardial, and vascular diseases—including atherosclerosis—sp
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