Sports Dermatology
Sport has become an increasingly important part of our lives. Whether as a weekend athlete, recreational athlete, amateur, or professional – the number of participants and indoor/outdoor sports opportunities are constantly growing. Regular physical exerci
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Introduction
In recent years, sport has become an increasingly important part of our lives. Whether as a weekend athlete, recreational athlete, amateur, or professional – the number of participants and sports opportunities are constantly growing. Regular physical exercise has a long list of positive effects on the body and mind, but both acute and chronic health impairments from sport are known. The skin, which functions as an organ between humans and their environment, shows a large spectrum of diseases caused by sports activities (Table 1). A wide variety of doping substances are used to increase the level of performance, and these can also lead to possible dermatoses (Table 2).
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Sport-Associated Dermatoses
2.1
Acute and Chronic Irritations
2.1.1 Acute Irritations Blisters are the most common sports injuries. Traumas caused by shear forces, tight-fitting clothing or abrupt stopping can affect deeper epidermal layers or the dermo-epidermal junction zone. The most common reasons besides excessive activity are inappropriate or new footwear, socks, and/or a humid and warm environment. In the hand area, blisters can occur during sports such as cycling, tennis, squash, golf, rowing, baseball, gymnastics, and weight lifting. Everyone has their own ideas about how to treat such blisters. The best procedure is to pierce the blister on the side and let the exudate flow off. The blister cap should be left as a natural wound dressing. If the blister cap has already been removed by shear force, a non-burning antiseptic, A. Blum (*) M.Sc. DermPrevOncol, Dermatologist, Konstanz, Germany e-mail: [email protected] © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020 G. Plewig et al. (eds.), Braun-Falco´s Dermatology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58713-3_87-1
externally applied preferably as a spray or gel, modern dressing, and plaster should be applied. When fitting sports shoes, both foot size and foot shape should be taken into account, and where appropriate with the aid of a sports medical gait analysis. Socks without seam edges and wrinkle-free wearing avoid pressure points.
2.1.2 Chronic Irritation Repeated and less traumatic pressure or shear forces can lead to adaptive changes in the stressed skin (see chapter ▶ “Disorders Caused by Physical and Chemical Damage”). A callus, the localized thickening of the stratum corneum as a protective reaction of the skin, is often found and can be very painful with appropriate pressure (Figs. 1 and 2). Wellfitting shoes avoid callus formation. Orthopedic insoles with a slight forefoot elevation are often the best prevention and therapy for plantar pressure points, which occur with increasing flat and splay feet over the course of life. Irrespective of the location, non-physiological pressure on the skin should be avoided. For rapid relief, the callus can be carefully rubbed with a pumice stone to thin it; soft soap bathing prior to this is helpful. Salicylic patches can also soften calluses, but they carry the risk of a possible infection through maceration of the epid
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