Stability of Poly(3-Hexylthiophene):Phenyl-C71-Butyric Acid Methyl Ester Solar Cells Modified by Pre-designed Supramolec
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08278-5 2020 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
Stability of Poly(3-Hexylthiophene):Phenyl-C71-Butyric Acid Methyl Ester Solar Cells Modified by Pre-designed Supramolecular Nanostructures CAIYUAN XIAO,1,2 GUIJU ZHANG,1,2,4 and SAMIRA AGBOLAGHI
3,5
1.—Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Efficient Power System and Intelligent Manufacturing, Shaoyang 422000, Hunan, China. 2.—College of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, Hunan, China. 3.—Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, P.O. BOX 5375171379, Tabriz, Iran. 4.—e-mail: [email protected]. 5.—e-mail: [email protected]
The air stability of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) solar cells and their modified configurations was investigated by pure carbon nanotube (CNT), CNT-g-poly(3-dodecylthiophene) (PDDT) (stem)-P3HT (leaf), CNT-g-P3HT/P3HT butterfly, and core (CNT)mantle (polyaniline (PANI))-shell (P3HT) nanostructures over a period of 1 month at 5-day intervals. Although the photovoltaic parameters decreased with aging time, the slopes of the decrease were less steep for well-modified systems. The slowest decreasing trends in short-circuit current density (Jsc = 13.41 mA/cm2 to 12.48 mA/cm2), fill factor (FF = 67% to 62%), opencircuit voltage (Voc = 0.69 V to 0.64 V), power conversion efficiency (PCE = 6.20% to 4.95%), and charge transfer resistance (Rtr = 370 X cm2 to 688 X cm2) plots versus aging were found for the core-mantle-shell modified photovoltaic devices. After 1 month of aging, P3HT:PC71BM:core-mantleshell solar cells performed even better than 5-day-aged P3HT:PC71BM:stemleaf photovoltaics (11.94 mA/cm2, 63%, 0.65 V and 4.89%). Orderly packed pstacks of P3HT backbones in the respective crystals prevented the oxygen and water from penetrating the crystals, and thus the morphology was more stable. Pre-developed nanostructures including CNT-g-P3HT/P3HT butterfly and CNT-g-PANI/P3HT core-mantle-shell supramolecules not only provided higher phase separation in as-prepared devices, but also controlled and stabilized the morphology and constituent arrangement during air aging processes.
(Received December 16, 2019; accepted June 14, 2020)
Xiao, Zhang, and Agbolaghi
Graphic Abstract
Key words: Stability, P3HT, CNT, solar cell, supramolecule
INTRODUCTION Organic solar cells based on donor and acceptor bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) nano-composites have attracted much attention because of their low cost, flexibility, light weight, and adaptability to printed electronics.1–4 Photovoltaic cells with proper power conversion efficiency (PCE) have been achieved through the use of low-bandgap polymers.5,6 In contrast, owing to the possible different structures, the stability and degradation of organic photovoltaics are complex issues.7–12 As a photoactive material is exposed to light in the presence of oxygen/water, the p-conjugations are prone to decomposition.13–16 Although the p
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