Standardization and normative data of the Greek version of the temperament and character inventory (TCI)
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PRIMARY RESEARCH
Open Access
Standardization and normative data of the Greek version of the temperament and character inventory (TCI) Konstantinos N. Fountoulakis1*, Sandor Rozsa2, Melina Siamouli1, Katerina Moutou3, Eleonora Pantoula3 and Claude Robert Cloninger2
Abstract Background: Robert Cloninger’s psychobiological model of temperament and character is a dimensional approach to personality assessment and gave birth to the temperament and character inventory (TCI). The aim of the present report is to examine the psychometric properties of the Greek version of the TCI, and to replicate its postulated structure and provide preliminary normative data for the Greek population. Methods: The study sample included 734 subjects from the general Greek population (436 females; 59.4 % and 298 males; 40.6 %). Their mean age was 40.80 ± 11.48 years (range 25–67 years). The mean age for females was 39.43 ± 10.87 years (range 25–65 years), while the mean age for males was 42.82 ± 12.06 years (range 25–67 years). Descriptive statistics tables concerning age, gender and occupational status distribution in the sample were created. The analysis included the calculation of Cronbach’s alpha, factor analysis with promax rotation and the calculation of Pearson correlation coefficients between the subscales scores. Analysis of Covariance with age as covariate and t test and Cohen’s d as post hoc tests was used to search for differences in subscales scores between males and females. Results: The overall psychometric properties of the Greek version of the TCI proved to be satisfactory, with acceptable consistencies of the subscales. The factor analysis of temperament identified four factors which together explained 58.56 % of total variance, while the factor analysis of the three-factor solution of the character explained 52.24 % of total variance. The TCI scales correlate significantly but weakly between each other and with age. Discussion: The Greek version of the TCI exhibits psychometric properties similar to its original English counterpart and to other national translations and it is suitable for use in research and clinical practice. Background The temperament theory originated probably from ancient Egypt or Mesopotamia, but a similar theory was definitely formulated by the school of Cos and specifically by Polybus, a pupil and son-in-law to Hippocrates (fourth century B.C.) in his book ‘Peri physeos anthropou’ (‘On the Nature of Man’). This was further elaborated by Eristratos, Asclepiades (first century B.C.) and eventually by Galen (second century A.D.) with his treatise ‘Peri crasaion’ (‘De temperamentis’). This approach *Correspondence: [email protected] 1 3rd Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessalonikis, Greece Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
was the standard until the sixteenth century, and in India and the Muslim world it constituted the basis of Yunani or Unani medicine (after Yunan that is Iones-Greeks in eastern languages). It w
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