Staphylococcal infections and infertility: mechanisms and management
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Staphylococcal infections and infertility: mechanisms and management Sulagna Dutta1 · Pallav Sengupta2 · Emmanuel Izuka3 · Ifeanyi Menuba3 · Ravindran Jegasothy4 · Uchenna Nwagha3 Received: 8 April 2020 / Accepted: 11 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Infertility is a subject of worldwide concern as it affects approximately 15% of couples. Among the prime contributors of infertility, urogenital bacterial infections have lately gained much clinical importance. Staphylococcal species are commensal bacteria and major human pathogens mediating an array of reproductive tract infections. Emerging evidences are ‘bit by bit’ revealing the mechanisms by which Staphylococci strategically disrupt normal reproductive functions. Staphylococcal species can directly or through hematogenous routes can invade the reproductive tissues. In the testicular cells, epididymis as well as in various compartments of female reproductive tracts, the pathogen recognition receptors, toll-like receptors (TLRs), can recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns on the Staphylococci and thereby activate inflammatory signalling pathways. These elicit pro-inflammatory mediators trigger other immune cells to infiltrate and release further inflammatory agents and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Adaptive immune responses may intensify the inflammation-induced reproductive tissue damage, particularly via activation of T-helper (Th) cells, Th1 and Th17 by the innate components or by staphylococcal exotoxins. Staphylococcal surface factors binding with sperm membrane proteins can directly impair sperm functions. Although Staphylococci, being one of the most virulent bacterial species, are major contributors in infectioninduced infertility in both males and females, the mechanisms of their operations remain under-discussed. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive perception of the possible mechanisms of staphylococcal infection-induced male and female infertility and aid potential interventions to address the lack of competent therapeutic measures for staphylococcal infection-induced infertility. Keywords Staphylococcus · Infection · Male infertility · Female infertility
* Sulagna Dutta [email protected]; [email protected] * Pallav Sengupta [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nsukka, Nigeria
4
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Abbreviations BV Bacterial vaginosis CNS Coagulase-negative staphylococci E. coli Escherichia coli GnRH Gonadotropin releasing hormone IFN Interferon IL Interleukin IRAK Interleukin-1 receptor
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