Stress Testing and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
Cardiovascular health and fitness requires coordinated function of the heart and circulatory system with a primary goal of providing ample energy substrate to organs and skeletal muscle. Under resting condition, the body’s metabolic requirement and coroll
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MGH CARDIOLOGY
BOARD REVIEW Second Edition
Corrigan Minehan Heart Center
123
MGH Cardiology Board Review
MGH Cardiology Board Review Second Edition
Editors Hanna K. Gaggin Cardiology Division Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA USA
James L. Januzzi Jr. Cardiology Division Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA USA
Harvard Medical School Boston, MA USA
Harvard Medical School Boston, MA USA
ISBN 978-3-030-45791-4 ISBN 978-3-030-45792-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45792-1 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2014, 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Foreword It seems almost impossible to me that 7 years have elapsed since I wrote the foreword for the first edition of this invaluable cardiology board review book authored by Drs. Hanna Gaggin and James Januzzi Jr. Once again, I harken back to almost 60 years ago when I took my cardiovascular board examination. In retrospect, it seemed so simple then. The exams centered around the history, physical examination, ECG, x-rays, some primitive data from the cardiac catheterization laboratories, and the few medications we had to treat patients with heart disease. The amazing diagnostic techniques that exist today, e.g., echocardiography, CT and MRI scans, and many others, did not exist, nor did most of today’s almost miraculous advances in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In fact, it was just about at that time that the avalanche of advances in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease was just beginning and this continues to this day at what seems to be an ever- accelerating pace. Indeed, many advances have occurred since the first edition of this book. Parallel with th
