Structural and chemical enamel characteristics of hypomineralised second primary molars
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ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE
Structural and chemical enamel characteristics of hypomineralised second primary molars E. Alifakioti1 · A. Arhakis1 · S. Oikonomidis2 · N. Kotsanos1 Received: 24 February 2020 / Accepted: 19 August 2020 © European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry 2020
Abstract Purpose Although hypomineralised second primary molars (HSPM) are considered belonging in the same entity as molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH), the structure and chemistry of their defected enamel have not been described. We aimed to study these in justifying any similarities with MIH. Methods Nine HSPM and five first permanent molars with MIH were either fractured or sectioned longitudinally through their defective enamel and examined by scanning electron microscopy. Relative amounts of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), oxygen (O), carbon (C) and the Ca:P ratio were calculated in the primary molar samples by energy -dispersive spectrometry. Results Rod width was deficient in the defected enamel of HSPM resulting in wide interrod spaces and suggesting similarities to permanent enamel structure in MIH. In areas with breakdown, cracks and disrupted coherence between enamel rods were more marked. Differences in Ca, P, O, C and Ca:P ratio between hypomineralised and sound enamel in HSPM followed the same trend as in MIH without reaching statistical significance. Conclusion Marked structural differences between sound and hypomineralised enamel of HSPM and similarity to MIH enamel were verified. Keywords Enamel hypomineralisation · Molar incisor hypomineralisation · Hypomineralised second primary molars · Deciduous molar hypomineralisation · Enamel microstructure · Chemical composition
Introduction The developmental defect of dental enamel described as hypomineralisation is macroscopically a qualitative deficiency created during initial enamel maturation phase of the affected teeth and may be found in both permanent and primary dentition. Demarcated hypomineralisation of permanent teeth, known as molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH), involves 1–4 first permanent molars and frequently permanent incisors (Weerheijm 2003). Its prevalence ranges from 2.9 to 44% with a global average of 14.2% (Elfrink et al. 2015; Zhao et al. 2018). MIH-like defects have been observed in second primary molars with a varying prevalence of 2.9–21.8% and they are usually reported in the * E. Alifakioti [email protected] 1
Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Department of Mineralogy, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
2
literature as deciduous molar hypomineralisation (DMH) or hypomineralised second primary molars (HSPM) (Elfrink et al. 2015). Both MIH and DMH defects are characterised by similar features: demarcated creamy-white, yellow or brown opacities, post-eruptive enamel breakdown, atypical carious cavities and atypical restorations (Elfrink et al. 2010; Weerheijm et al. 2015). To date, many studies fo
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