Structural colors with angle-insensitive optical properties generated by Morpho -inspired 2PP structures
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T.C. BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS
Structural colors with angle‑insensitive optical properties generated by Morpho‑inspired 2PP structures Gordon Zyla1 · Alexander Kovalev2 · Evgeny L. Gurevich1 · Cemal Esen1 · Ying Liu3 · Yongfeng Lu3 · Stanislav Gorb2 · Andreas Ostendorf1 Received: 8 June 2020 / Accepted: 19 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract This paper describes how two-photon polymerization was used to generate biomimetic nanostructures with angle-insensitive coloration inspired by the blue butterflies of Morpho. Less angle dependence was achieved by engineering the structures with a certain degree of disorder, which delimited them from classical photonic crystals. Variations in the processing parameters enabled the color hue to be controlled. In this context, blue, green, yellow, and brown structures were demonstrated. Reflection spectra of the structures were simulated and studied experimentally in a broad range of incident angles. Additionally, a molding technique was performed as a potential scale-up strategy. The application of such biomimetic structures is discussed. Keywords Biomimetic · Two-photon polymerization · Structural color · Photonic · Morpho butterfly
1 Introduction Structural colors in nature result from interference, diffraction, or scattering of light. These colors can often be observed in animals and plants using them, for example, for camouflage [1], warning signals [2], or intraspecific sexual communication [3] to ensure the survival of the species. Therefore, the organisms use sophisticated micro- or nanometer surface structures on their epidermis [4–6]. The morphology of such biological surfaces is highly complex, and depending on the species, they can strongly differ. A good overview of the broad diversity of biological photonic surface structures can be found in the literature [7, 8]. Furthermore, the photonic systems of many species often exhibit Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-03931-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Gordon Zyla [email protected] 1
Applied Laser Technologies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
2
Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Christian-Albrec hts-Universität Zu Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
3
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
disorder characteristics [5, 9], which can be attributed to single structural impurities or a complex spatial distribution of the structures and their periodicity on the organisms’ surfaces. In this context, the disorder characteristics can cause extraordinary optical effects, e.g., the ultrawhite color of the Cyphochilus [10], the ultrablack color of the Bitis gabonica [11, 12], and the iridescent green color of the Chrysina gloriosa [13], because not only one but multiple physical mechanisms participate in the color formation. The most famous organisms producing structural coloration with unique optical pr
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