Structural diversity, natural sources, and pharmacological potential of plant-based saponins with special focus on antic
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Medicinal Chemistry Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s00044-020-02600-w
REVIEW ARTICLE
Structural diversity, natural sources, and pharmacological potential of plant-based saponins with special focus on anticancer activity: a review Mohd Rehan1 Shafiullah ●
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Sameer A. Mir2
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Received: 8 April 2020 / Accepted: 2 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Saponins are a class of amphipathic glycosides prevalent in various plant species. They are very important for human health and may be used in various drug formulations. Saponins play vital roles in inhibition of many singling pathways such as PI3K/AKT pathway, AKT/MAPK pathway, EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and RNF6/AKT/mTOR pathway. They have been reported to exhibit cytotoxic activities on HepG2, NCI-H460, MCF-7, HT1080, A549, Hela, LN229, H1299, SGC7901, and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines. Several types of bioactive saponins such as Dammarane, Cycloartane, Hopane, Lupane, Oleanane, Ursane, Steroids, Spirostanol, and Furastanol have been reported from various plant species. The present review mainly focuses on the sources of medicinal-plantbased saponins with biological activities. This review covers ~101 references from 2015 to 2019. Keywords Saponins Steroids Anticancer activity PI3K EGFR ●
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Introduction Saponins are the largest group of triterpenoids (acid sapogenin) or steroid (natural sapogenin) that are glycosidically linked with sugar moiety. The saponins are classified on the basis of differences in aglycone structure or sugar moiety. On the basis of a sugar moiety they may be mono, bi, and tridesmosidic. These saponins show diverse biological activities, especially cytotoxicity on HepG2, NCI-H460, MCF-7, HT1080, A549, Hela, LN229, H1299, and SGC7901 cancer cell lines. They are more active in lowering of cholesterol (Han et al. 2018), reduced hepatic steatosis (Gong et al. 2016), improving the antiprotozoal effect (Ramos-Morales et al. 2017), type-2 diabetes, antioxidant (Nafiu MO et al. 2017), antifungal activities on
* Shafiullah shafi[email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
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Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-IIIM, Sanatnagar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190005, India
important crop pathogens (Trda et al. 2019), coronary heart disease (Dong et al. 2019), anti-inflammatory activity (Lee et al. 2015), strong hemolytic toxicity (Chen et al. 2018), and hepatocellular toxicity (Wang et al. 2019). These are used as inhibitors of AKT, MCL-1, and BCL2L1 in cervical cancer cells (Obasi et al. 2018), and proliferation inhibition of MDA-MB-231 cells (Mu et al. 2019). Saponins have been showed to bind and activate the nuclear receptor PPARγ by SPR experiments (Montanari et al. 2016). It shows antiobesity effect through inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity and upregulation of LXR-β signaling (Guo et al. 2016). These saponins are reported to inhibit pancreatic lipase, DNA-topoisomerase
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