Structural, magnetic, and optical properties of degenerated Ni and (Ga/Zn) co-doped TiO 2 nanocomposites
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Structural, magnetic, and optical properties of degenerated Ni and (Ga/Zn) co‑doped TiO2 nanocomposites A. A. Dakhel1 Received: 24 September 2020 / Accepted: 5 November 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Titanium oxide (TiO2) codoped with Ni-Ga and Ni-Zn nanoparticles were synthesized by the thermal co-precipitation method. The energy-dispersive x‐ray fluorescence, X‐Ray Diffraction, UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, and magnetization methods were performed to study the elemental content, crystalline structure, optical and magnetic properties, respectively. The roadmap of the present work is to explore the conditions of fabrication of dilute magnetic semiconductors, TiO2. It was established that the hydrogenation of the host-doped samples is required to create ferromagnetic properties. It was reported that the effect of doping with non-magnetic G a3+ and Z n2+ ions created magnetic properties in the hydrogenated Nidoped TiO2. Some optical properties of undoped and host TiO2 nanopowders were investigated using the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) method. The higher magnetic energy observed with Ni/Ga-co-doped T iO2 was reported and discussed by itinerant electrons. Keyword Ni/Ga co-doped T iO2 · Ni/Zn co-doped T iO2 · Creation of ferromagnetism · Hydrogenation · TCO-DMS materials
1 Introduction Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), e.g. TiO2, CdO, ZnO, SnO2 and I n2O3 have found widespread applications in many fields, including optoelectronics, solar-cells and gas-sensing technology [1–3]. Among TCOs, TiO2 is a very important wide band gap semiconductor material that extensively used in photocatalysis, photovoltaic, etc. [4–6]. TiO2 crystallizes in three phases; anatase [A], rutile [R], and brookite [B] depending on the details of the synthesis procedure [7, 8]. The band gap of pure T iO2 was found to be almost in the range 3–3.2 eV [9, 10] and could be managed to widen its applications, especially in the visible-light photocatalytic phenomenon. Such properties control could be realized by controlling its crystalline structure through the incorporation of exotic ion impurities. Therefore, it was found that with a certain quantity of certain impurity ions, photocatalytic, electrical, and optical properties of TiO2 could be controlled [11–14]. Thus, the properties of TiO2 * A. A. Dakhel [email protected] 1
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Bahrain, P.O. Box 32038, Sakhir, Kingdom of Bahrain
could be controlled by organizing their natural crystalline point defects like oxygen (O) vacancies and Ti-ions interstitials. Moreover, the doping process could launch some exotic properties, like ferromagnetic (FM), transforming the host T iO2 crystals to be diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS). Such creation of DMS has been studied in the case of transition metal (TM)-doped TCOs like CdO, TiO2, ZnO and In2O3 [15–22]. However, a weak FM phenomenon was observed with undoped pure nano TCOs that symbolized as a d 0FM phenom
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