Structural, optical and photocatalytic studies of hexadecylamine-capped lead sulfide nanoparticles
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RESEARCH
Structural, optical and photocatalytic studies of hexadecylamine‑capped lead sulfide nanoparticles Abimbola E. Oluwalana1 · Peter A. Ajibade1 Received: 27 September 2019 / Accepted: 10 September 2020 © Islamic Azad University 2020
Abstract Hexadecylamine-capped PbS nanoparticles were prepared from lead(II) complexes of dibenzyl dithiocarbamate (Dibzydtc) [PbS 1], imidazolyl dithiocarbamate (Imdtc) [PbS 2], 2-oxo-pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (Pydtc) [PbS 3], diallyl dithiocarbamate (Diallyldtc) [PbS 4], and dihexyl dithiocarbamate (Dihexdtc) [PbS 5], at 120 °C. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of the PbS nanoparticles are indexed to the face-centered cubic phase. The average particle sizes obtained from the TEM images are 19.04 ± 5.85 nm for PbS 1, 6.94 ± 1.71 nm PbS 2, 18.77 ± 3.37 nm PbS 3, 2.93 ± 2.20 nm PbS 4 and 22.02 ± 6.68 nm for PbS 5. The PbS nanoparticles are spherical in shape except for PbS 1 and PbS 3 with cubic shapes. The bandgap energies range from 3.0 to 3.8 eV and PbS 1 has the lowest bandgap of 3.0 eV while PbS 3 has the highest bandgap of 3.8 eV. The bandgaps are blue-shifted in comparison to the absorption band edges due to quantum size effect. The photocatalytic degradation of bromothymol blue by the as-prepared PbS nanoparticles showed highest degradation efficiency of 66% for PbS 3. Keywords PbS nanoparticles · Structural properties · Optical properties · Photocatalytic studies
Introduction Residual dyes, pesticides, textiles, papers, and inorganic pollutants are industrial waste that are being discharged into water bodies on regular basis [1] and destroy aquatic ecosystem through reduction of light penetration. Methods such as solvent extraction, filtration, adsorption [2], biodegradation [3], advanced oxidation process [4], and photocatalytic oxidation [5] have been developed to remove contaminants from water bodies. Among these methods, the use of photocatalytic oxidation to remove organic pollutants has received attention [6]. Degradation in photocatalysis is ascribed to promotion of electron from valence band to conduction band on irradiation of semiconductors which lead to photogenerated holes with high oxidative potential [7]. Semiconductor nanoparticles have been as photocatalyst for water Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s40090-020-00220-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Peter A. Ajibade [email protected] 1
School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZuluNatal, Scottsville, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
splitting, photodegradation, and oxidation of organic contaminants [8]. Among these nanoparticles, T iO2 is mostly used but is associated with the disadvantage of not able to absorb photon in the visible region of the solar spectrum. Hence, there is a need to develop semiconductors nanoparticles with energy bandgap able to absorb photon energy in the visible region and can act as efficient photocatalyst. Lead sulfide is a IV–V
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