Structural and Magnetic Studies of Annealed Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Structural and Magnetic Studies of Annealed Iron Oxide Nanoparticles M. Ounacer 1 & A. Essoumhi 1,2 & M. Sajieddine 1,3 & A. Razouk 1 & B. F. O. Costa 4 & S. M. Dubiel 5 & M. Sahlaoui 1 Received: 22 May 2020 / Accepted: 25 June 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The aim of this research work was to study the structural and magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles. The as-prepared sample was synthesized by a co-precipitation route and annealed at different temperatures. The annealed samples were investigated using different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and Mössbauer spectrometry (MS). The XRD results indicate the formation of three phases which have been identified as magnetite (Fe3O4), maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), and hematite (a-Fe2O3). The crystallite size was very similar for both magnetite and maghemite, and it was higher for hematite. The TEM observations showed that the particle shapes were affected by the annealing temperature (Tan). In addition, the SEM analysis revealed a wide distribution of the particle size. The magnetic measurements enabled the determination of a blocking temperature for both Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3 as 210 and 240 K, respectively. The Morin transition temperature was determined in the case of α-Fe2O3 from the magnetization and the MS measurements. The synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles can be good candidates for hyperthermia applications. Keywords Co-precipitation . Iron oxide nanoparticle . Rietveld refinement . XRD . TEM . Mössbauer spectrometry
1 Introduction Iron oxide nanoparticles are materials that have been extensively studied in different laboratories. They are composed of many phases with particle size ranging from 1 to 100 nm [1]. The most known, as a natural and traditional magnetic material, is magnetite which can also be easily synthesized. However, the oxidation of magnetite occurs at very low temperature and leads to the formation of maghemite [2]. * M. Sajieddine [email protected] 1
Laboratoire de Physique des Matériaux, FST, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, BP 523, 23000 Béni-Mellal, Morocco
2
Laboratoire des Procédés Chimiques et Matériaux Appliqués, FP, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, 23000 Béni-Mellal, Morocco
3
National School of Applied Sciences, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Khouribga, Morocco
4
CFisUC, Physics Department, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
5
Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
Magnetite and maghemite have generated a very wide range of applications in several areas, especially in biomedicine. Because of their compatibility and suitability for in vivo applications, they were considered as good candidates for cancer therapy by hyperthermia, drug delivery, and magnetic resonance imaging [3–6], whereas hematite, another
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