Structure of Matter An Introductory Course with Problems and Solutio
This textbook, now in its third edition, provides a formative introduction to the structure of matter that will serve as a sound basis for students proceeding to more complex courses, thus bridging the gap between elementary physics and topics pertaining
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Attilio Rigamonti Pietro Carretta
Structure of Matter An Introductory Course with Problems and Solutions Third Edition
UNITEXT for Physics Series editors Michele Cini, Roma, Italy Attilio Ferrari, Torino, Italy Stefano Forte, Milano, Italy Guido Montagna, Pavia, Italy Oreste Nicrosini, Pavia, Italy Luca Peliti, Napoli, Italy Alberto Rotondi, Pavia, Italy
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13351
Attilio Rigamonti Pietro Carretta •
Structure of Matter An Introductory Course with Problems and Solutions Third Edition
123
Attilio Rigamonti University of Pavia Pavia Italy
ISSN 2198-7882 UNITEXT for Physics ISBN 978-3-319-17896-7 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17897-4
Pietro Carretta University of Pavia Pavia Italy
ISSN 2198-7890
(electronic)
ISBN 978-3-319-17897-4
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015938089 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2007, 2009, 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Die Wahrheit ist das Kind der Zeit, nicht der Autoritaet. Unsere Unwissenheit ist unendlich, tragen wir einen Kubikmillimeter ab! —from B. Brecht, in Leben des Galilei There is no end to this wonderful world of experimental discovery and mental constructions of reality as new facts become known. That is why physicists have more fun than most people. —Miklos Gyulassy
To Luca and Margherita Strozzi Rigamonti, with hope —Attilio Rigamonti To Gegia, Enri, Cate and Dario —Pietro Carretta
Preface
Intended Audience, Approach and Presentation This text is intended for a course of about six months for undergraduate students. It arises from the adaptation and the amendments to a text for a full-year course in Structure of Matter, written by one of the authors (A.R.) more than 30 years ago. At that time only a few (if any) textbooks ha
