Studies on genome structure and function of fruit tree viruses
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Studies on genome structure and function of fruit tree viruses Nobuyuki Yoshikawa
Published online: 7 October 2012 Ó The Phytopathological Society of Japan and Springer Japan 2012
Introduction In this study, we investigated the complete nucleotide sequence and genome organization of Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), which causes apple topworking disease in Japan, citrus tatter leaf virus, which causes citrus bud-union disorder, Grapevine berry inner necrosis virus (GINV) and Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) to clarify their taxonomic positions. Sequence analysis of virus isolates also showed that ASGV, ASPV, and ACLSV isolates from fruit trees comprise at least two to four ‘‘sequence variants’’ that differ considerably from each other in nucleotide sequence. We also showed that P50 encoded by the ORF2 of ACLSV genome has multifunctional roles, i.e., it functions as a virus movement protein (MP), it acts as a suppressor of systemic silencing, and it interferes specifically with the functions of the MP encoded by GINV. We constructed infectious cDNA clones of ALSV-RNAs, which were modified into viral vectors for the expression of foreign genes in plants. ALSV vectors effectively induce reliable VIGS of endogenous genes among a broad range of plants including Rosaceae fruit trees. Using the ALSV vector expressing Flowering locus T (AtFT) gene from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtFTALSV), we established a system that promoted flowering time of apple seedlings within 2 months after germination This article is an abstract of the paper presented by a winner of the Society Fellowship at the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Phytopathological Society of Japan in Fukuoka. N. Yoshikawa (&) Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan e-mail: [email protected]
and shortened the generation time from seed germination to next-generation seed maturation to within 7 months when pollen from precocious flowers was used for pollination.
Genome structure, classification and molecular variability of fruit tree viruses To elucidate the genome organization of fruit tree viruses, we determined the complete nucleotide sequences of the genomes of ASGV, ACLSV, ASPV, citrus tatter leaf virus (lily isolate), GINV, and ALSV in Japan (Li et al. 2000; Magome et al. 1997a; Ohki et al. 1989; Sato et al. 1993; Terauchi et al. 1997; Yoshikawa and Takahashi 1988; Yoshikawa et al. 1992, 1993, 1997, 2001). These viruses are now classified into the genus Capillovirus (ASGV, a type species), Trichovirus (ACLSV, a type species, and GINV), and Foveavirus (ASPV, a type species) in the family Betaflexiviridae, and the genus Cheravirus (ALSV) in the family Secoviridae (Adams et al. 2011; Yoshikawa 2008). Sequence analysis of citrus tatter leaf virus, the causal agent of citrus bud-union disorder, showed that this virus is a stain or an isolate of ASGV (Yoshikawa et al. 1993, 1996). We also successfully constructed infectious cDNA clones of the genomes of ACLSV, ASG
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