Study of Residual Stresses in Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V by Neutron Diffraction Measurements
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TION
ADDITIVE manufacturing (AM) techniques of metallic parts are expanding rapidly due to the technologic stake they represent: lightening of structure, complex architecture structure, or reduced post-treatment processes.[1] Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) has a tremendous potential in AM methods because it enables to produce fully dense parts with desired inner structure and surface morphology.[2] LPBF technology can be used with various metallic powder materials such as Ti-6Al-4V,[3,4] iron-based materials,[5] and stainless steel.[6] Ti-6Al-4V is an alloy characterized by a combination of high strength, low-density, and good corrosion resistance. Due to its biocompatibility, Ti-6Al-4V is ideal for medical applications and is also one of the
DAVID GLOAGUEN, BAPTISTE GIRAULT, BRUNO COURANT, PIERRE-ANTOINE DUBOS, and MARIE-JOSE´ MOYA are with the Universite´ de Nantes, Institut de Recherche en Ge´nie Civil et Me´canique, UMR CNRS 6183), 58, rue Michel Ange BP 420, 44606 Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France. Contact e-mail: [email protected]. FRANC¸OIS EDY is with the IRT Jules Verne (French Institute in Research and Technology in Advanced Manufacturing), Bouguenais, France, JOANA REBELO KORNMEIER is with the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universita¨t Mu¨nchen, Garching, Germany. Manuscript submitted June 10, 2019.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
main alloys used for high-temperature aerospace applications as a result of its high strength to weight ratio and good corrosion properties. Over the last decade, LPBF machines have become more and more popular in industrial settings which have led to extensive research regarding the potential use of LPBF for high added value functional Ti-6Al-4V parts production. The high-temperature gradient, as a result of the locally concentrated energy input, can lead to property gradients arising from the different interdependent physical phenomena (metallurgical, thermal, mechanical, and fluid mechanics aspects) occurring during this highly non-equilibrium process.[6] As a consequence, the LPBF process can result in residual stress gradients, likely large, and hence, crack formation and part deformations which have a significant effect on the macroscopic mechanical performance.[7,8] Therefore, it is an important issue to understand the development of residual stresses in LPBF processed components. Internal stresses develop in built components due to the high cooling rates, the thermal gradients and the volumetric changes arising during phase transformations occurring during the process.[9] Additionally, multiple process parameters have a significant influence on the development of internal stresses. It has been notably shown that baseplate nature, power bed pre-heating, powder characteristics, laser power, scanning speed, scanning strategy, number and thickness of
the successive layers, and the geometry of the part for Ti-6Al-4V have a significant impact on the residual stress set up.[8,10] Most of the process parameters (typically scan speed and laser powe
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