Study of small proline-rich proteins (SPRRs) in health and disease: a review of the literature
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Study of small proline-rich proteins (SPRRs) in health and disease: a review of the literature Fernanda Carregaro • Ana Carolina B. Stefanini Tiago Henrique • Eloiza H. Tajara
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Received: 9 April 2013 / Revised: 11 September 2013 / Accepted: 16 September 2013 / Published online: 2 October 2013 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract Epithelial tissues are specialized to protect underlying tissues from environmental influences such as physical and chemical agents, infection by invasive microorganisms as well as water and heat loss. They are grouped into simple, transitional and stratified epithelia, which line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body, and also form glands, separate compartments, regulate the exchange of molecules and act as sensory organs. Stratified epithelia such as the epidermis and the gingival and hard palate mucosa are in constant renewal, with cells proliferating in the lower layers, while the intermediate stratum and outermost layers undergo a tissue-specific process of differentiation to form a protective cornified barrier. This review focuses on a subclass of structural proteins, the small proline-rich proteins (SPRRs), which constitute cornified cell envelope precursors. Several studies have suggested that the SPRRs are related to increased epithelial proliferation and to malignant processes. Hence, we also review the literature for more extensive and in-depth profile of these proteins in cancer and other diseases. The understanding of SPRR functions has advanced in recent years, but many important questions
F. Carregaro E. H. Tajara Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sa˜o Paulo, Sa˜o Paulo, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil F. Carregaro A. C. B. Stefanini T. Henrique E. H. Tajara (&) Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of Sa˜o Jose´ do Rio Preto, FAMERP, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Vila Sa˜o Pedro, Sa˜o Jose´ do Rio Preto, Sa˜o Paulo 15090-000, Brazil e-mail: [email protected]
about their role in pathophysiological processes remain unanswered, which stimulate new studies and approaches. Keywords Small proline-rich protein SPRR Epithelium Human disease Neoplasms
Introduction Basic characteristics of normal epithelial tissues of vertebrates The tissues of vertebrates are divided into two main groups: epithelial, usually with few intercellular substances, and mesenchymal that is richer in extracellular material. The first group consists of cuboidal or columnar cells interconnected through adhesion structures. Their morphological characteristics, such as cell shape and stratification, vary with the function they perform and comprise the basis of the classification of these tissues. They are usually grouped into simple and stratified epithelia and also in an intermediate type called transitional, examples of which include the endothelium and the simple epithelium of trachea, the transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder and the stratified epithelium of hard palate,
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