Study of the Ancient Crimean Ceramics by Electron Microscopy Methods
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LLOGRAPHIC METHODS IN HUMANITARIAN SCIENCES
Study of the Ancient Crimean Ceramics by Electron Microscopy Methods A. V. Mandrykinaa, D. N. Khmeleninb, N. N. Kolobylinaa, A. L. Vasil’eva,b, T. N. Smekalovaa,c, N. F. Fedoseevd, E. Yu. Tereschenkoa,b,*, O. A. Alekseevab, and E. B. Yatsishinaa a National
b
Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute,” Moscow, 123182 Russia Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics,” Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333 Russia c Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, 295051 Russia d Institute of Archaeology of Crimea, Russian Academy of Sciences, Simferopol, 295007 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received March 30, 2018
Abstract—Fragments of ancient amphorae and tiles dated to the IVth to IInd centuries BC, which were found on the Crimean peninsula, have been investigated by methods of scanning and transmission/scanning electron microscopy, combined with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The revealed differences in the compositions of the clay core and inclusions (leaners) are associated with the differences in the periods of time when items were made and the sites of their origin. DOI: 10.1134/S106377451805019X
INTRODUCTION Among archaeological artifacts, ceramic cultural heritage sites are much more widespread than those made of other materials. The reason is that ceramic products are more resistant against corrosion and are preserved much better than metal, wooden, and other artifacts. At the same time, ceramic products are a very important source of information about the material culture of ancient people, history of trade relationships, and development of handicrafts [1–9]. The study of ceramics is especially important for Crimea, which is at the frontier between the ancient civilization and the world of local tribes: archaeologists find numerous ceramic artifacts of ancient epoch in excavations of both ancient Greek and “barbarian” settlements and burials. These artifacts often have manufacturer’s marks, which are the main dating material and source of information about the trade and cultural relationships between the ancient Greek centers of the Northern Black Sea region, the Mediterranean, and local tribes. At the same time, there are numerous ceramic finds with lost or absent marks, for which the production place and time must be determined. The studies of the ceramic artifacts from Crimea have a long history. Since the 1950s, investigations in this field were aimed at developing a unified classification and constructing a commodity exchange network between the towns and states of the Black Sea region
[10]. A conventional approach to determining the mineral composition of ceramics implies petrographic analysis on thin cuts or laps. A significant contribution to the study of amphora containers was made by Shcheglov and Selivanova, who used petrography to identify the clay mass of the amphoras of late Classical and early Hellenistic times from different centers in the Black Sea region,
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