Study on the dissipation pattern and risk assessment of metalaxyl-M in rice grains and paddy soil and water by liquid ch
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Study on the dissipation pattern and risk assessment of metalaxyl-M in rice grains and paddy soil and water by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Yahui He 1 & Xu Jiao 2 & Tangwei Zhang 2 & Mengqiang Wang 2 & Majid Khan 1 & Muhammad Rafiullah Khan 3 & Yongxin She 2 Received: 23 November 2019 / Accepted: 9 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Herein, field experiment trials were conducted at two different sites (Heilongjiang and Hubei Province) in China to determine the residual levels and dissipation kinetics of metalaxyl-M in rice grains, and paddy soil and water. A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe “QuEChES” method coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for determination of metalaxyl-M residual levels in different matrices. The method showed an excellent linear response (R2 > 0.99) over the concentration range of 0.01–0.50 mg kg−1 with satisfactory recovery rates in between 76.00 and 111.36%. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were estimated to be 0.010 mg kg−1 for all matrices. Half-lives of 0.27 to 10.83 days in rice plant, paddy soil, and water indicate that the analyte is easily degraded in the environment within a relatively short time. The terminal residues of metalaxyl-M in rice husks and rice grains were less than 0.05 mg kg−1. Dietary risk assessment showed that harvested rice treated with metalaxyl-M would not pose unreasonable risk to humans or the environment. Keywords Metalaxyl-M . Dissipation dynamics . Risk assessment . Residues . Tandem mass spectrometry
Introduction Metalaxyl-M, the bioactive enantiomer (R-enantiomer), is 3 to 10 times more active than racemic metalaxyl (Monkiedje et al. 2003). Both metalaxyl-M and metalaxyl, phenylamide systemic fungicide, are often used to control oomycete pathogens in agriculture, forestry, and horticulture (Jimenez et al. 2007; Karras Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Yahui He [email protected] * Yongxin She [email protected] 1
China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health (Beijing); Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, People’s Republic of China
2
Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
3
Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
et al. 2007; Monkiedje et al. 2007). Metalaxyl-M is registered and approved in China to be used on fruits, nuts, and vegetables to control various fungal pathogens caused by the genera Phytophthora and Pythium (White et al. 2019; Atmaca et al. 2018). It is also appropriate for leaves, soil, or seed as well as for maintaining fruit quality after harvest. Metalaxyl-M restrains spore formation and inhibits mycelial growth by selectively disturbing the synthesis of fungal ribosomal RNA (Aba
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