Subwavelength and Nanometer Diameter Optical Fibers

Subwavelength and Nanometer Diameter Optical Fibers provides a comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of research on nanoscale optical fibers including the basic physics and engineering aspects of the fabrication, properties and applications. The book disc

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ADVANCED TOPICS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA Zhejiang University is one of the leading universities in China. In Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China, Zhejiang University Press and Springer jointly publish monographs by Chinese scholars and professors, as well as invited authors and editors from abroad who are outstanding experts and scholars in their fields. This series will be of interest to researchers, lecturers, and graduate students alike. Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China aims to present the latest and most cutting-edge theories, techniques, and methodologies in various research areas in China. It covers all disciplines in the fields of natural science and technology, including but not limited to, computer science, materials science, life sciences, engineering, environmental sciences, mathematics, and physics.

Limin Tong Michael Sumetsky

Subwavelength and Nanometer Diameter Optical Fibers With 180 figures

Authors Prof. Limin Tong Department of Optical Engineering Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China E-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Michael Sumetsky OFS Laboratories Somerset, NJ 08807 USA E-mail: [email protected]

ISSN 1995-6819 e-ISSN 1995-6827 Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China ISBN 978-7-308-06855-0 Zhejiang University Press, Hangzhou ISBN 978-3-642-03361-2 e-ISBN 978-3-642-03362-9 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009933160 c Zhejiang University Press, Hangzhou and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010  This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Frido Steinen-Broo, EStudio Calamar, Spain Printed on acid-free paper Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface

A decade ago a book on optical microfibers and nanofibers could be hardly foreseen. In 2003, one of the authors (L.T.), in collaboration with scientists from Harvard and Zhejiang University, published an intriguing paper in Nature on the low-loss waveguiding of silica nanofibers. This paper introduced a new vision of micro/nanofibers as basic elements for miniature photonic devices and initiated numerous scientific publications on the topic of this book. At first glance, microfiber-based phot