SUMO modification in apoptosis
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REVIEW PAPER
SUMO modification in apoptosis Peiyao Li1 · Huiru Jing1 · Yanzhe Wang1 · Lei Yuan1 · Hui Xiao1 · Qian Zheng1 Received: 15 July 2020 / Accepted: 23 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Apoptosis and clearance of dead cells is highly evolutionarily conserved from nematode to humans, which is crucial to the growth and development of multicellular organism. Fail to remove apoptotic cells often lead to homeostasis imbalance, fatal autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMOs) modification is a post-translational modification of ubiquitin proteins mediated by the sentrin-specific proteases (SENPs) family. SUMO modification is widely involved in many cellular biological process, and abnormal SUMO modification is also closely related to many major human diseases. Recent researches have revealed that SUMO modification event occurs during apoptosis and clearance of apoptotic cells, and plays an important role in the regulation of apoptotic signaling pathways. This review summarizes some recent progress in the revelation of regulatory mechanisms of these pathways and provides some potential researching hotpots of the SUMO modification regulation to apoptosis. Keywords Apoptosis · Apoptotic cell clearance · SUMO · Senps
Introduction Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved cell progress from nematode to mammals, which is of great importance for organisms normal development, failure to apoptotic cells clearance can result in the release of toxins and inflammation of the surrounding environment (Elliott and Ravichandran 2010; Munoz et al. 2005). Caenorhabditis elegans is an important genetic system for studying the phagocytic mechanism of apoptotic cells, and the molecular mechanism of apoptotic cell clearance has been extensively studied in C. elegans (Reddien and Horvitz 2004; Lettre and Hengartner 2006). Two major signaling pathways trigger apoptotic cell death: the mitochondrial (internal) pathway and the death receptor (external) pathway. Normally, apoptotic cells are recognized and degraded by phagocytes (such as * Qian Zheng [email protected] Hui Xiao [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
macrophages) before releasing potentially toxic substances (Galluzzi et al. 2012). Defective apoptotic cell clearance can lead to a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders. Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is involved in diverse cellular processes and disorder of sumoylation is implicated in the pathogenesis of human diseases. Proteins are the physical basis of life and the basic unit of the function and structure of organisms. The Small Ubiquitinlike Modifier (SUMO) post-translational modify a large number of proteins that function in diver
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